All-maeahy, I., Rady, A. (2019). Knowledge flexibility off students in the stage prep. Journal Port Science Research, 2(1), 75-92.
Altiparmak, T.& Mustu, O.(2021). The Effects of Scamper Technique Activities in the 8th Grade Simple Machines Unit on Students` Academic Achievement, Motivation and Attitude towards Science Lessons. International Journal of Educational Methodology. 7 (1).155-170.
Andeson, P. (2002). Assessment and development executive function during childhood , Child Neuro Physiology , 8(2) , 71-82 .change , Journal of psychology review , (84) , (2) .
Bilgin,O; Ince.M. & Yesilyurt. E.(2021). The Effect of University Student`s School Climate on their Motivation Levels. International Journal of Psychology and Educational Studies ,8(2).112-121.
Canas, J., Fajardo, I., Antoli, A. & Salmeron, L. (2005). Cognitive inflexibility and the development and use of strategies for solving complex dynamic problems: effects of different types of training. Theoretical Issue in Ergonomics Science, 6(1), 95- 108.
Cavas, P. (2011): Factors Affecting the Motivation of Turkish primary students for Science learning, Science Education International, 22 )1, 31- 42.
Deak, G. & Wiseheart, M. (2015). Cognitive Flexibility in young Children: General or task- specific Capacity? , Journal of Experimental child psychology, (138), 31-53.
Dennis, J. & Vander, J. (2010). The Cognitive Flexibility Inventory: Instrument Develop , memtand Estimates of Reliability and Validity , Journal of Cognitive therapy and Research ,34(3) , 241-253 .
Dennis, J. & Vander, S. (2010). The Cognitive Flexibility inventory: Instrument Development and Estimates of Reliability and validity. Cognitive therapy and Research, 34, (3), 241-253.
Fernández-Barrera, A. (2019). Doing (CLIL) in the science classroom: A critical sociolinguistic ethnography in la Mancha secondary schools. Foro de Educación, 17(27), 37-63. doi:
http://dx.doi.org/10.14516/fde.712.
Glynn, S. (2006). Kingdon and Tarkington’s Cognitive Therapy of Schizophrenia. Cognitive and Behavioral Practice, 13(1), 105-116.
Gopalan, V.; Abu Bakar, J.; Zulkifli, A.& Alwie, A. (2017). A review of The Motivation Theories in Learning. Malaysia: Aip Publishing.
Heath, S., Higgs, J., Ambruso, D. (2008). Evidence of Knowledge Acquisition in a Cognitive Flexibility-Based Computer Learning Environment, Medical Education Online,13, 1-6.
Huitt, W. (2001). Motivation to learn: An overview. Educational Psychology Interactive.Voldosta, GA: Voldosta state University.
Kamisah,O.,&Nur,S.(2013) Conceptual understanding in secondary school chemistry : A discussion of the difficulties Experienced by students. American Journal of Applied Sciences,10(5), 433-441.
kavale ،K.& Forness،S. (2000). What definition of learning disability Say and don’t say critical analysis، Journal of learning Disabilities ، 33(3)، 239-256.
Kilic, M.; Kilic, M.& Akan, D.(2021). Motivation in the Classroom. Participatory Educational Research. 8(2).31-56.
Kirilmazkaya, G.& Usta, M.(2022). Effect of Science Teaching Supported with Scientific Stories on Students' Academic Success، Attitudes and Motivation. International Online Journal of Education and Teaching. Harran University، Sanliurfa, Turkey. 9(4). 1838- 1851.
Madewll, A. & Ponce-Garcia,, Elisabeth (2016). Assessing resilience in emerging adulthood: The Resilience Scale (RS), Connor Davidson Resilience Scale (CD- ISC), and Scale off Protective Factors (SPF), Personality and Individual Differences (PAID), 97, 249-255.
Markic, S., Childs, P. (2016). Language and the teaching and learning of chemistry, Chemistry, Chemistry Education Research and Practice journal, 17, 434-438.
Miller, R. (2010). Applications of cognitive flexibility theory in crosscultural training. Doctoral Dissertation. The University of New Mexico.
Moyo, C. (2018). Investigating the Areas of Student Difficulty in Chemistry Curriculum: A Case Study in Qatar, Texila International Journal of Academic Research, 5(2), 1-8.
Panicker, H. & Chelliah,R. (2016).Resilience and stress in children and adolescents with specific learning disability ,journal of the Canadian .search .ebscohost.com
Rhodes, A. & Rozell, T. (2017). Cognitive Flexibility and Undergraduate Physiology Students: Increasing Advanced Knowledge acquisition within an ill-structured domain, Advances in physiology education, 41(3), 375-382
Richey,D. (2000). Classroom behavioral styles of learning disabled boys, learning disabilities, by special learning corporation, Guilford Connecticut.
Rosher, J. (2001). Helping children overcome learning difficulties, New York :Walkiker and company.
Shaffer,M. (2003). Technology an Enrichment tool for the gifted student, New Mexico, U.S.A.
Shley E. & Timothy G.(2017). Cognitive flexibility and undergraduate physiology students: increasing advanced knowledge acquisition within an ill-structured domain, The American Physiological Society, Adv. Physiology Educ ,41, 375-382.
Spiro, R. (1991). Cognitive flexibility Constructivism and Hypertext. Journal of Educational Technology. 13, (5), 24 – 33.
Spiro, R., Feltovich, P., Jacobson, M., & Coulson, R. (1992).Knowledge representation, content specification, and the development of skill in situation specific knowledge assembly: Some constructivist issues as they relate to Cognitive Flexibility Theory and hypertext.
Timilsena, N. , Maharjan, K., Devkota, K. (2022). Teachers' And Students' Experiences In Chemistry Learning Difficulties, Journal of Positive School Psychology, 6(10), 2856-2867
Tirfu, D. (2016). Common difficulities Experienced by Grade 12 Students in Learning Chemistry in Ebinat Preparatory School, African Journal of Chemical Education, 6(2), 16-32.
Tumay, H., (2016). Emergence, Learning Difficulties, and Misconceptions in Chemistry Undergraduate Students’ Conceptualizations of Acid Strength. Dordrecht: Springer
Ullah, S. , Malik, R. & Ahmad, R. (2022). Difficulties In Learning Concepts Of Chemistry At Secondary Level In Lahore, Journal of Positive School Psychology, (6)10, 4333- 4344.
Translation of Arabic References:
Ibrahim, Ahmed Mahdi Mustafa (2002). Some psychological, mental, and social factors affecting learning difficulties, Journal of the Faculty of Education, Al-Azhar University, (110), 249-280.
Ibrahim, Suleiman Abdel Wahed Youssef (2010). Reference on learning difficulties (developmental, academic, social, and emotional), Cairo: Anglo-Egyptian Library.
Abu Jalala, Sobhi Hamdan (1999). Contemporary trends in educational evaluation and construction of tests and question banks, Cairo: Al-Falah Library for Publishing and Distribution.
Abu Zaid, Ahmed Muhammad Gad Al-Rab (2017). The effectiveness of a counseling program for developing self-efficacy in improving psychological flexibility among students with learning difficulties, Journal of Special Education, Faculty of Disability and Rehabilitation Sciences, Zagazig University, (18), 228-298.
Abu Zeina, Farid Kamel (1995). School Mathematics Curricula and Teaching, Beirut, Lebanon: Al-Falah Library.
Ahmed, Iman Muhammad Abbas (2020). The relative contribution of cognitive flexibility in predicting academic self-efficacy and academic adjustment among first year secondary school students, Journal of the Faculty of Education, Alexandria University, 30 (3), 133-172.
Ahmed, Essam Mohamed Sayed (2020). The effectiveness of using augmented reality technology to treat difficulties in learning chemistry and developing achievement motivation among high school students, Egyptian Journal of Scientific Education, Egyptian Society for Scientific Education, 23(2), 185-246.
Iskandar, Ramy Zaki (2012). The impact of a proposed program based on the World Wide Web on developing design skills, digital research, and information awareness for art education students, (unpublished doctoral dissertation), Institute of Educational Studies, Cairo University.
Ismail, Hamdan Muhammad Ali (2017). The impact of enrichment activities in chemistry based on the STEM approach in developing awareness of scientific professions and professional inclinations for secondary school students with deep and surface learning strategies, Egyptian Journal of Scientific Education, Egyptian Society for Scientific Education, 20(1), 1- 56.
Ismail, Hamdan Muhammad Ali (2010). Scientific talent and thinking methods: A model for teaching science in light of constructivist, brain-based learning, Cairo: Dar Al-Fikr Al-Arabi.
Ismail, Magdy Rajab (2009). The effectiveness of e-learning methods in the achievement of sixth-grade primary school students and their motivation towards learning science, Egyptian Journal of Scientific Education, Egyptian Society for Scientific Education, 12 (1), 17-72.
Al-Ashqar, Samah Farouk Al-Morsi (2018). Using the dual cycle of inquiry to develop cognitive achievement, problem-solving skills, and motivation to learn science among first-year middle school students, Egyptian Journal of Scientific Education, Egyptian Society for Scientific Education, 21 (8), 41-80.
Ambusaidi, Abdullah bin Khamis, and Al Hosaniyah, Hoda (2018). The effect of teaching with a flipped classroom approach in developing motivation to learn science and academic achievement among ninth-grade female students, An-Najah University Journal of Research (Humanities), An-Najah National University, 32 (8), 1569-1604.
Al-Ashqar, Samah Farouk Al-Morsi (2018). Using the dual cycle of inquiry to develop cognitive achievement, problem-solving skills, and motivation to learn science among first-year middle school students, Egyptian Journal of Scientific Education, Egyptian Society for Scientific Education, 21 (8), 41-80.
Ambusaidi, Abdullah bin Khamis, and Al Hosaniyah, Hoda (2018). The effect of teaching with a flipped classroom approach in developing motivation to learn science and academic achievement among ninth-grade female students, An-Najah University Journal of Research (Humanities), An-Najah National University, 32 (8), 1569-1604 .
Bulbul, Yousra Shaaban, Hegazy, Ihsan Shukri (2016). Predicting general memory from cognitive flexibility and fluid intelligence among sixth-grade primary school students, educational and psychological studies, Journal of the Faculty of Education, Zagazig University, (93), 53-113.
Al-Bishi, Rahaf Ali Mufleh, Al-Asmari, Noura Awadah Al-Misfer (2023). Designing educational enrichment activities to develop life skills for kindergarten children, Arab Research Journal in the Fields of Specific Education, Arab Educators Association, (29), 43-72.
Al-Jassim, Fatima Ahmed, Al-Hamdan, Najat Suleiman, Al-Hindal, Hoda Saud, Al-Abbasi, Ahmed Muhammad, Al-Shirawi, Maryam Issa, Sanad, Fatima Hussein (2022). The impact of applying enrichment activities in developing awareness of climate change for second-year primary school students in the Kingdom of Bahrain, Arab Childhood Magazine, Kuwait Society for the Advancement of Arab Childhood, 24 (93), 41-65.
Jabr, Taha Mahmoud Mabrouk (2022). The effectiveness of a program based on cognitive flexibility in improving environmental exploratory behavior among kindergarten children, Egyptian Journal of Psychological Studies, Egyptian Society for Psychological Studies, 32 (116), 235-274.
Al-Jundi, Omnia Al-Sayed, Ibrahim, Marwa Madi Ahmed, Al-Tahan, Rasha Ahmed Muhammad, Al-Ashqar, Samah Farouk Al-Morsi (2021). The effectiveness of an enrichment program using scientific stations in developing motivation to learn science among middle school students, Egyptian Journal of Scientific Education, Egyptian Society for Scientific Education, 24(2), 36-60.
Gohar, Ghazi Mahmoud (2019). Difficulties in teaching physics in the middle school from the point of view of teachers in the Ain Al-Basha District, Educational Journal, Sohag University, (60), 317-338.
Al-Hafiz, Nabil Abdel Fattah (2005). Learning difficulties and remedial education, Cairo: Zahraa Al-Sharq.
Habib, Suha Abbas and Ibrahim, Khaled Kazem (2010). Difficulties facing teachers of scientific subjects in secondary education, male and female teachers, Journal of Educational Studies, Center for Educational Research and Studies, Iraq, (11), 27-34.
Hegazy, Ihsan Shukri Attia, Salem, Hanem Ahmed Ahmed (2021). Cognitive flexibility and its relationship to self-esteem for normal students and those with learning difficulties among second-year middle school students, Egyptian Journal of Psychological Studies, Egyptian Society for Psychological Studies, 31 (113), 15- 62.
Al-Haddabi, Daoud Abdel-Malik, Ghalioun, Azhar, Aklan, Abdel-Habib (2013). The effect of implementing practical enrichment activities on the level of achievement and creative thinking among gifted ninth-grade students, Arab Journal for the Development of Excellence, (6), 1-27.
Hassan, Saeed Muhammad Siddiq (2022). A teaching model based on the interaction between the strategies “Plan to expand” and mind maps to develop cognitive achievement, visual thinking skills, and motivation to learn science among gifted students with learning difficulties in the second year of middle school, Egyptian Journal of Scientific Education, Egyptian Society for Scientific Education, 25 (2). 1- 52.
Hassan, Nima Abdul Salam Muhammad (2016). The predictive value of self-efficacy and motivation to achieve quality of life among postgraduate female students at the Faculty of Education - Ain Shams University, Egyptian Journal of Scientific Education, Egyptian Society for Scientific Education, 40(1), 279-348.
Hassan, Heba Abdullah Ramadan (2017). The effectiveness of designing some enrichment activities in social studies to develop acceptance of others among students in the first cycle of basic education, Journal of Educational and Social Studies, Faculty of Education, Helwan University, 23 (1), 547- 591.
Hassanein, Wafa Hassanein Al-Sayed (2008). The effectiveness of a computer enrichment program for developing programming skills among gifted students in the second cycle of basic education, (unpublished master’s thesis), Institute of Educational Studies, Cairo University.
Hamdan, Adel Samir Muhammad (2022). The effect of cognitive flexibility as a mediating variable on the relationship between reflective thinking and learner independence among students of the Faculty of Education, Assiut University, Journal of the Faculty of Education, Assiut University, 38 (8), 133-165.
Hamida, Imam, Al-Qarsh, Hassan, Abdel-Hadi, Yasser, Zarrouk, Sayed, Moawad, Amira, Abdel-Hamid, Taher (2020). Curriculum (concept - foundations - elements - organizations), 5th edition, Cairo: Dar Funun for Printing and Publishing.
Al-Hayhi, Aya Ahmed Alyan, Shehada, Fawaz Hassan Ibrahim (2018). The impact of the logical-mathematical intelligence strategy in teaching chemistry on the achievement and motivation of female students in the first year of scientific secondary school in Zarqa Governorate / Jordan, (unpublished master’s thesis), College of Educational Sciences, Middle East University.
Al-Khazraji, added by Jassim Obaid (2013). The effect of using the synthesis model in teaching physics on fourth-grade students’ scientific achievement and their motivation toward the subject, Journal of Arab Studies in Education and Psychology, Arab Educators Association, 1 (41), 33-55.
Khalifa, Abdul Latif Muhammad (2006). Motivation for achievement, Cairo: Dar Gharib for Publishing and Distribution.
Al-Dardir, Abdel Moneim Ahmed, Abdel Samie, Muhammad Abdel Hadi Abdel Samie, Abdel Rahman, Ahmed Abdel Rahman Ahmed, Abdel Samie, Muhammad Abdel Hadi (2018). Psychometric efficiency of the cognitive flexibility scale among students of the Faculty of Education in Qena, Journal of Educational Sciences, Faculty of Education in Qena, 37 (1), 67- 95.
Al-Desawy, Iman (2013). The effectiveness of enrichment activities in developing some habits of mind among first-year middle school students in science, (unpublished master’s thesis), Faculty of Education, Helwan University.
Rajab, Khaled Ibrahim (2002). Learning Difficulties, Cairo: Anglo Egyptian.
Rizk, Ahmed Abdel Dayem Abdel Ghaffar, Ahmed, Souad Mohamed Maghrebi, Hassan, Amani Abdel Moneim Mohamed (2021). The effect of the flipped classroom strategy on motivation to learn physics and understand its concepts among secondary school students, (unpublished master’s thesis), Faculty of Education in Qena, South Valley University.
Al-Rashidi, Ahmed Anizan Ayyad (2020). The impact of enrichment activities in the Arabic language on developing achievement and creative thinking skills among middle school students in the State of Kuwait, Journal of the Future of Arab Education, Arab Center for Education and Development, 27 (129), 249-288.
Radwan, Badawiyya Muhammad Saad (2021). Cognitive flexibility and its relationship to research self-efficacy and mastery motivation among postgraduate students, Journal of Psychological Counseling, Psychological Counseling Center, Ain Shams University, (65), 1-89.
Al-Zoubi, Alaa Amin, Al-Sammadi, Marwan Saleh (2022). The level of cognitive flexibility among basic stage students in Jordan, Amman Arab University Research Journal, Educational and Psychological Research Series, Deanship of Scientific Research and Postgraduate Studies, Amman Arab University, 7(3), 133-151.
Zaki, Hanan Mustafa Ahmed (2019). A proposed program in bioculture and nanotechnology according to the theory of cognitive flexibility and its impact on developing scientific communication, future thinking skills, and awareness of biological safety among students of the Faculty of Education, Educational Journal, Faculty of Education, Sohag University, 59, 883-985.
Al-Zawahra, Muhammad Khalaf (2021). Cognitive flexibility and its relationship to self-efficacy among secondary school students in Zarqa Governorate in light of some variables, Irbid Journal of Human Research and Studies, Deanship of Scientific Research, Irbid National University, 23(2), 213-260.
Al-Zayat, Fathi Mustafa (2005). Learning difficulties - theoretical, diagnostic and therapeutic foundations, Cairo: Universities Publishing House.
Zaitoun, Hassan Hussein (2010). An introduction to the school curriculum, a contemporary vision, Riyadh: Dar Al-Sawliyah for Education.
Zaitoun, Kamal Abdel Hamid (2008). Designing educational programs with constructivist thought, rooting an idea and empirical research, Cairo: World of Books.
Al-Subaie, Haya bint Muhammad and Al-Shaya, Fahd bin Sulaiman (2018). Difficulties in solving physics problems among female students in the second year of secondary school in the city of Riyadh, Egyptian Journal of Scientific Education, Egyptian Society for Scientific Education, 21 (4), 123-158.
Sorour, Saeed Abdul-Ghani, Salim, Abdul-Aziz Ibrahim (2010). Predicting the creative solution to problems in light of cognitive flexibility and self-efficacy among a sample of university students who excelled academically, Journal of the Faculty of Education in Damanhour - Alexandria University, 2(2), 19-84.
Saada, Marwa Salah Ibrahim (2017). Predictive habits of mind and their relationship to mastery motivation and cognitive flexibility among secondary school students, Journal of Arab Studies in Education and Psychology, Arab Educators Association, (87), 277-352.
Al-Saeed, Reda Massad (2012). Contemporary issues in curricula and teaching methods, research and studies, Damietta: Nancy Library.
Salama, Abdel Hafez (2018). Basics in teaching design, Amman: Dar Al-Yazurdi Scientific.
Al-Sulami, Nawal bint Hamad bin Ghtaish, Ibn Ibrahim. Manal Hassan Muhammad (2021). The role of physical enrichment activities to develop vocational awareness among female secondary school students in light of twenty-first century skills in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Arab Journal for Specific Education, Arab Foundation for Education, Science and Arts, (20), 239-290.
Suleiman, Khalil Radwan Khalil (2009). A proposed scenario for treating the problems of learning chemistry for general certificate students in the Sultanate of Oman, Journal of the College of Education - Port Said University, (6), 140-165.
Syed, Amal Saeed (2010). The effect of using the virtual laboratory on acquiring physics concepts, acquiring higher-order thinking skills, and motivation toward learning science among third-year middle school female students, Egyptian Journal of Scientific Education, Egyptian Society for Scientific Education, 13 (6), 1- 46.
Al-Sayyid, Iman Masoud Muhammad, Pasha, Najat Adly Tawfiq, Hamouda, Hamouda Abdel Wahed (2022). The relationship between cognitive flexibility and thinking styles among students of the New Valley University College of Education, Scientific Journal, New Valley University College of Education, (41), 47- 76.
Al-Sayed, Alia Ali Issa Ali (2020). Enrichment activities for the living organisms unit based on the STEM approach to develop the scientific sense and enjoyment of learning science among primary school students, Journal of Scientific Research in Education, Girls College of Arts, Science and Education, Ain Shams University, 4 (21), 236-277.
Shehata, Hassan (2015). Modern strategies in teaching and learning the Arabic language, Cairo: Egyptian Lebanese House.
Shdeifat, Islam Awad and Al-Qadiri, Suleiman Ahmed (2013). The effect of teaching physics using a dry and wet laboratory on the achievement of tenth grade students in physics and their motivation towards learning it, (unpublished master’s thesis), College of Educational Sciences, Al al-Bayt University, Jordan.
El-Sherbiny, Ahlam El-Baz (2011). Enhancing self-motivation to learn science and social responsibility through service learning among middle school students, Egyptian Journal of Scientific Education, Egyptian Society for Scientific Education, 14 (3), 255-286.
Sharqawi, Dina Abdel Tawab Hussein, Al Mohammadi, Amani Ahmed, Abdel Razek, Mohamed Mahmoud (2022). The effectiveness of enrichment activities based on social constructivism to develop the scientific skills of primary school students in public language schools, Journal of Educational and Social Studies, Faculty of Education - Helwan University, 28 (3), 115-150.
Al-Shuaili, Ali and Al-Balushi, Muhammad bin Ali Al-Shamam (2006). An analytical study of the educational factors leading to the low achievement of General Certificate of Education students in physics as perceived by teachers and supervisors, Journal of the Association of Arab Universities and Psychology, Faculty of Education, University of Damascus, 4 (2), 45-90.
Sadiq, Alaa Nour El-Din Mahmoud, Amer, Abdel Nasser Al-Sayed, Hassanein, Etidal Abbas (2021). The effectiveness of an intelligent computer program based on the principles of cognitive flexibility theory to develop achievement among university students with low statistical achievement, Journal of the Faculty of Education - Suez Canal University in Ismailia, (50), 27-69.
Saleh, Ayat Hassan; And El-Sayed, Naglaa Ismail (2014). The effect of the wheel of inquiry model and the problem-solving method on developing cognitive achievement, scientific inquiry skills, and motivation to learn science for second-year middle school students, Egyptian Journal of Scientific Education, Egyptian Society for Scientific Education, 17 (6), 1- 80.
Al-Sarayrah, Nusayba Jaafar Abdel Karim, Bani Doumi, Hassan Ali Ahmed (2018). The effectiveness of an electronic educational blog on achievement and motivation to learn physics among tenth grade female students in the Southern Mazar District, (unpublished master’s thesis), Deanship of Postgraduate Studies, Mu’tah University.
Al-Saqabi, Muhammad Abdul Karim Ibrahim (2014). The effectiveness of enrichment activities using multimedia in developing number sense and tendencies toward mathematics among primary school students in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, (unpublished master’s thesis), College of Education, Ain Shams University.
Zahir, Aqeel Amir Jabr (2019). The effectiveness of self-regulated learning according to the Zimmerman model in achievement and motivation to learn physics among fifth-year biology students, Journal of the Girls’ College of Education for Human Sciences, University of Kufa - College of Education for Girls, 13 (24), 263-300.
Abbas, Nabila and Abdel Fadi, Afaf (2001). Behavioral Sciences, Cairo: Egyptian Nahda Library.
Abdel Buqei, Nafez Ahmed (2013). Beyond memory and cognitive flexibility among first-year university students, Journal of Educational and Psychological Sciences, Bahrain, 14 (3), 329-358.
Abdul Hawarat, Manar Ahmed (2017). Cognitive flexibility and risk orientation as predictors of problem solving among Hashemite University students, (unpublished master’s thesis), College of Graduate Studies, Jordan.
Abdul Rahman, Saad (2003). Social Psychology, Cairo: Arab Nile Gift for Publishing and Distribution.
Abdul Rahim, Safaa Muhammad Ibrahim; Hassanein, Badriya Muhammad Muhammad; And Mahjoub, Ali Karim Muhammad (2018). The effectiveness of a proposed program based on constructivism using the Addy and Shayer model in teaching science on cognitive achievement and developing motivation for achievement and scientific sense among hearing-impaired students in the middle school, (unpublished master’s thesis), Faculty of Education, Sohag University.
Abdul Rahim, Mahmoud Muhammad Ahmed; And Badawi, Ahmed Ali (2023). Cognitive flexibility and its relationship to self-vitality among university students, Journal of Reading and Knowledge, Egyptian Society for Reading and Knowledge, Faculty of Education, Ain Shams University, (255), 171-216.
Abdul Rasoul, Sarah Saeed Mustafa (2021). A proposed enrichment activities program to develop water awareness for students with mild mental disabilities, Reading and Knowledge Magazine, Faculty of Education, Ain Shams University, Egyptian Society for Reading and Knowledge, (241), 129-168.
Abdel Salam, Mandour Abdel Salam Fathallah (2015). The effect of teaching using the Wheatley constructivist and McCarthy models of the natural learning cycle “4MAT” in developing conceptual understanding and motivation towards learning physics for first-year secondary school students in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, Egyptian Journal of Scientific Education, Egyptian Society for Scientific Education, 18 (3), 57-104.
Abdel-Aal, Somaya Labib Al-Sayed (2019). The effectiveness of enrichment activities based on the educational drama approach in developing habits of mind in chemistry for first year secondary school students, Journal of Educational and Social Studies, Faculty of Education - Helwan University, 25(9), 103-131.
Abdul Karim, Sahar Muhammad (2018). The effectiveness of teaching a unit of periodic elements and their properties with stories included with the context-based approach in understanding concepts, the retention and transfer of the effect of learning them, and developing the motivation of second-year middle school students who are academically late to learn science in context, Egyptian Journal of Scientific Education, Egyptian Society for Scientific Education, 21 (5), 121- 187 .
Abdul Karim, Sahar Muhammad; Mahmoud, Samah Mahmoud Ibrahim (2015). The effectiveness of a training program based on the theory of cognitive flexibility in developing creative teaching skills and raising the level of mental motivation among female student teachers with low mental motivation, International Specialized Educational Journal, 10 (4), 40-72.
Abdel Hadi, Ahmed Nabil (2013). The effect of the interaction of the level of meta-memory and academic specialization on cognitive flexibility among students of the Faculty of Education, Al-Azhar University in Cairo, Journal of the Faculty of Education, Al-Azhar University, (155), 70-122.
Abdel Wahab, Salah Sharif (2011). Cognitive flexibility and its relationship to both the future tense perspective and achievement goals among university faculty members, Journal of Specific Education, Mansoura University, (20), 19-78.
Al-Atoum, Adnan Yousef; Alawneh, Shafiq Falah; Al-Jarrah, Abdel Nasser Dhiyab; Abu Ghazal, Muawiya Mahmoud (2023). Educational Psychology, Theory and Practice, 12th edition, Amman: Dar Al Masirah.
Al-Otaibi, Bandar bin Muhammad, Al-Shamrani, Saeed bin Muhammad Abdullah (2015). The difficulties facing second year secondary school students in studying the chemistry course from their point of view, Shaqra University Journal, Shaqra University, (4), 93-128.
Al-Arsan, Samer Rafee Majed (2016). The effectiveness of using active learning strategies based on social cognitive theory in developing cognitive flexibility and academic achievement motivation among students of the Department of Psychology at the University of Hail, Al-Quds Open Journal for Educational and Psychological Research and Studies, 5 (18), 159-177.
Afaneh, Ezzo Ismail Afaneh, Al-Sir, Khaled Khamis, Ahmed, Munir Ismail; Al-Khazandar, Naila Najeeb (2012). Strategies for teaching mathematics in the general education stages, Amman, Jordan: Dar Al-Thaqafa for Publishing and Distribution.
Al-Afoun, Nadia and Al-Banaa, Nagham (2009). The effect of multimedia on achievement and developing the motivation of second-year intermediate female students toward chemistry, Al-Fath Magazine, College of Education, University of Baghdad, (42), 524-566.
Al-Aqeel, Muhammad bin Abdulaziz, Al-Jaghiman, Abdullah bin Muhammad, Al-Shaya, Fahim bin Suleiman (2019). The effect of using scientific enrichment activities in developing creative thinking among gifted students in the primary stage, Scientific Journal of King Faisal University - Humanities and Administrative Sciences, King Faisal University, 20(1), 81-101.
Allam, Salah El-Din Mahmoud (2000). Educational and psychological measurement and evaluation: its basics, applications and contemporary directions, Cairo: Dar Al-Fikr Al-Arabi for Printing and Publishing.
Al-Amoudi, Hala Saeed (2012). The effectiveness of the Wheatley model in developing achievement, information generation skills in chemistry, and motivation for achievement among third-year secondary school female students, Egyptian Journal of Scientific Education, Egyptian Society for Scientific Education, 15 (1), 219-262.
Issa, Hazem Zaki Salem (2002). Difficulties in learning physical concepts among tenth grade students in Gaza Governorate, (unpublished master’s thesis), College of Education, Al-Aqsa University, Gaza.
Ghalish, Ahmed Rajab Ali (2017). The relationship of innovative thinking to cognitive flexibility among students with learning difficulties, Journal of the College of Education - Kafrelsheikh University, 17 (4), 1-46.
Al-Ghailani, Amal Ahmed Saeed (2020). The effectiveness of enrichment activities according to the STEM model to develop scientific thinking skills for gifted female students in the primary grades in the city of Jeddah, Arab Journal of Media and Child Culture, Arab Foundation for Education, Science and Arts, (12), 33-64.
Fathi, Mervat Hassan, and Fouad, Sahar Hamdi (2016). The effectiveness of a training program based on brain-based learning theory in developing cognitive flexibility, visual thinking in physics, and self-regulation skills among first year secondary school students, Educational and Social Studies, Faculty of Education, Helwan University, 22(4), 637-739.
Al-Farra, Muammar Irhim Suleiman (2009). Obstacles to academic achievement for science and health courses and their teaching methods (1, 2) at Al-Quds Open University and their relationship to learners’ attitudes towards learning and teaching science, Egyptian Journal of Scientific Education, Egyptian Society for Scientific Education, 12 (1), 227-262.
Fouad, Heba Fouad Sayed (2020). A proposed program in science based on cognitive flexibility to develop higher-order thinking skills and perceived self-efficacy among middle school students, Journal of Scientific Research in Education, Girls College of Arts, Science and Education, Ain Shams University, 21(7), 289-334.
al fil , Helmy Muhammad (2013). Designing an electronic course in psychology based on the principles of cognitive flexibility theory and its impact on developing systemic intelligence and reducing the cognitive load among students of the Faculty of Specific Education, Alexandria University, (unpublished doctoral dissertation), Faculty of Specific Education, Alexandria University.
Qatami, Nayfa and Al-Assaf, Majid (2008). Students’ perceptions of a safe learning environment and their relationship to their motivation to learn, (unpublished doctoral dissertation), Amman Arab University, College of Graduate Educational Studies.
Qatami, Youssef, and Qatami, Naifa (2000). The Psychology of Classroom Learning, Amman: Dar Al-Shorouk for Publishing and Distribution.
Qandil, Shaima Abdel Qader Abbas (2018). A proposed strategy based on the learning styles of primary school students to develop cognitive achievement and motivation to learn science, Studies in University Education, Ain Shams University - Faculty of Education - University Education Development Center, (41), 296-309.
Al-Qusi, Abdulaziz (1995). Foundations of Mental Health, 9th ed., Cairo: Dar Al-Nahda Al-Misriyah.
Al-Kandari, Ali Habib and Al-Ruwaished, Noha (2005). Reluctance of students of scientific majors to major in physics in the College of Education, University of Kuwait, Journal of Educational Sciences, 13 (4), 88- 114.
Kishar, Ahmed Abdel Hadi Deif (2018). The effectiveness of a training program based on the theory of cognitive flexibility in developing decision-making skills and attitudes toward comprehensive skills among university students, Journal of the Faculty of Education - Al-Azhar University, 2 (179), 12- 56.
Lafta, Sajida Jabbar, and Abdullah, Hassan Arif (2013). The effect of using the self-questioning strategy on academic achievement and motivation towards learning physics among first-year intermediate students, Arab Studies in Education and Psychology, Arab Educators Association, (40), 175-192.
Al-Maliki, Bandar Miteb Ati (2019). Cognitive flexibility among outstanding students in Adham Governorate, Journal of the Faculty of Education, Assiut University, 35 (12), Part Two, 1-20.
Mubarak, Enas Mohamed Morsi Hassan, Abdel Salam, Abdel Salam Mustafa, Mukhtar, Ihab Ahmed Mohamed (2019). The effectiveness of enrichment activities based on electronic blogs in developing innovative achievement in science among outstanding students in the middle school, Journal of the Faculty of Education, Port Said University, (25), 904-938.
Mabruk , Ahlam Abdel Azim (2017). Enrichment activities in home economics based on computing applications to develop digital citizenship skills and cultural intelligence among female secondary school students, Arab Research Journal in Specific Education, Arab Educators Association, 8, 61-119.
Muhammad, Sarah Fadl (2023). Difficulties in learning chemistry among first-year secondary school students at Othman Abdo Secondary School for Boys, Al-Andalus Journal of Humanities for Boys, Al-Andalus University for Humanities and Social Sciences, (68), 192-213.
Muhammad, Karima Abdullah Mahmoud (2019). Using enrichment activities based on the STEM approach to develop science imagination and enjoyment of learning science among kindergarten children, Journal of the Faculty of Education, Benha University, 30(117), 39-84.
Mahmoud, Samar Muhammad Ahmed, Ismail, Hamdan Muhammad Ali, and Al-Mihi, Rajab Al-Sayyid (2015). The effectiveness of designing enrichment scientific activities in light of the Science, Technology, and Society (S.T.S.) approach to biology to develop awareness of scientific professions and inclination toward the subject for secondary school students, Educational and Social Studies, Faculty of Education - Helwan University, 21(2), 297-348.
Mahdi, Yasser Sayed Hassan, Ahmed, Shaima Ahmed Muhammad (2019). The effectiveness of a proposed curriculum in physics based on future professions to develop cognitive flexibility, the tendency toward making change, and academic achievement among technical secondary students, Journal of the Faculty of Education, Assiut University, 35 (7), 497-553.
Al-Mousari, Muhammad, Al-Khafaji, Saad (2013). The effect of three strategies for solving physics problems and developing problem-solving skills and motivation toward physics among third-year intermediate students, Journal of Psychological and Educational Sciences, Iraq, (103), 36-71.
Al-Nadi, Azza Muhammad Gad (2009). The effect of the interaction between diversifying teaching strategies and learning styles on developing habits of mind among female preparatory school students, Educational and Social Studies - Egypt, 15 (3), 313-349.
Al-Najjar, Aladdin Al-Saeed Abdel-Jawad, Hamama, Dina Salah Al-Din Muhammad, Al-Najjar, Hosni Zakaria Al-Sayed (2020). Cognitive flexibility and its relationship to visual-motor synergy and emotional compatibility among students with non-verbal learning difficulties, Journal of the Faculty of Education - Kafr El-Sheikh University, 20 (2), 405- 432.
Al-Najjar, Muhammad Ahmed Al-Saeed, Saqr, Al-Sayyid Ahmed Mahmoud, Abu Shaqa, Saada Ahmed Ibrahim (2017). The relationship of cognitive flexibility to achievement motivation among second year secondary school students, Journal of the College of Education - Kafrelsheikh University, 17(1), 593-621.
Nashwan, Tayseer Mahmoud Hussein (2011). The effectiveness of a proposed program for treating difficulties in learning chemistry among tenth grade students in Palestine and developing attitudes towards learning it, Journal of the College of Education, Ain Shams University, 4(35), 369-424.
Noshy, Sherry Magdy (2006). A program based on enrichment activities to develop students’ understanding of natural phenomena and scientific orientation among middle school students, (unpublished master’s thesis), College of Education - Ain Shams University.
Al-Huzail, Issa Sultan Salama, Abbas, Muhammad Khalil (2015). Cognitive flexibility among secondary school students in Beersheba and its relationship to self-regulation, (unpublished master’s thesis), Faculty of Educational and Psychological Sciences, Amman Arab University, Jordan.
Al-Huwaimel, Saleh Bashir Ismail, Al-Omari, Omar Hussein Muhammad (2021). Difficulties in teaching chemistry from the point of view of teachers in Al-Karam Governorate, (unpublished master’s thesis), College of Graduate Studies, Mu’tah University, Jordan.
Ministry of Education of the Arab Republic of Egypt (2011). Statistics Yearbook (2010/2011), General Administration of Information and Computers.
Yunus, Idris Sultan Saleh (2010). The effectiveness of a proposed program based on extracurricular activities in geography in developing the global mindset and the attitude towards cultural diversity among third-year middle school students, Studies in Curricula and Teaching Methods, Egyptian Association for Curricula and Teaching Methods, (159), 146-182.