Improving Teachers’ Professional Performance in Basic Education Schools in the Sultanate of Oman in Light of the Blended Educational Supervision

Document Type : Original Article

Author

Department of Comparative Education and Educational Administration, Faculty of Education, Ain Shams University

Abstract

The study aimed to determine the level of teachers’ Professional performance, the level of practice of blended educational supervision in basic education schools in Oman, and determine the correlation between the averages of the degrees of the estimates of the study sample to the degree of practice blended educational supervision and the level of teachers’ Professional performance and identify the challenges facing the application of integrated educational supervision and ways to meet them.
To achieve the aims of the study, a mixed methodology was used. Where two tools were employed: a questionnaire on the quantitative study sample consisting of (537) teachers, and the interview was used on the qualitative study sample consisting of (15) supervisors, and the results showed that estimating the level of Professional performance for teachers with its three dimensions came with a very high degree, the assessment of the level of blended educational supervision practice in its three phases came with a high degree and the study also showed a positive correlation between the practice of blended educational supervision as a whole, and between the Professional performance as a whole. the blended educational supervision faces challenges, including those related to human cadres, the lack of technical support, and lack of physical equipment. Moreover, the most important ways to meet these challenges are to provide qualified human cadres to implement the integrated educational supervision, and the presence of an electronic infrastructure.

Keywords


Abandonment, Abdullah. (2005). Modern forms and applications in educational supervision (unpublished doctoral thesis). Jordan University.
Abdul Rahman, Iman Jameel (2019). The degree of readiness of the Jordanian Ministry of Education to implement the e-educational supervision. Journal of the Islamic University of Educational and Psychological Studies 27 (1). 278- 299.
Abu Allam, Raja Mahmoud (2013). Quantitative, Qualitative and Mixed Research Methods. Jordan: Dar Al-Masirah.
Abu Eiada, Heba Tawfiq, and Ababa, Saleh Ahmed (2016). The effectiveness of using internet technologies in educational supervision in private schools in Amman. Jordanian Journal of Educational Sciences, 12 (1), 17-30.
Abu Sharkh, Nader (2010). Evaluating the impact of incentives on the level of job performance on the Palestine Telecommunications Company from the employees' point of view (Master thesis, Palestine).
Al Agiz, Fouad, and Al-Banna, Muhammad (2009). Classroom Management between Theory and Practice, 4th floor. Islamic University.
Al -Astal, Abd al-Hadi (2016). The role of the leadership elite in raising the efficiency of performance among workers in higher education institutions in the governorates of Gaza [Master Thesis, Al-Aqsa University]. House of Information System.
Al Azamat, Muhammad Hamid. (2020). The degree to which educational supervisors in the first Zarqa Education City practice electronic supervision, its obstacles and requirements for improving it from their perspective. Journal of Educational Psychological Sciences 4 (9), 1-20.
Al Badi, Badr bin Hamad bin Humaid, Abu Sari, Osama Saad, Abu Hilal, Maher Muhammad. (2014). Developing tools to evaluate the effectiveness of the performance of a social studies teacher in Al Dhahirah Governorate, Sultanate of Oman (unpublished Master Thesis). Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat. Retrieved from http://search.mandumah.com/Record/959128
AL Defaai, Issa bin Muhammad bin Salem, Al-Safsafa, Abdul Rahman Ibrahim Muhammad, Jassim, Mahmoud Khaled, and Al-Nasiri, Zayed bin Khalifa bin Mubarak. (2019). the effectiveness of electronic supervision in teaching social studies and self-efficacy for the first teachers in the Sultanate of Oman. Culture and Development: Culture for Development Association, Q20, p. 147, 163 - 230. Retrieved from http://search.mandumah.com/Record/1030870
Al Ghoul, Nadia Fathi Abdel Jalil (2018). The degree of creative leadership practice among the principals of UNRWA schools and its relationship to the job performance of teachers in Gaza Governorate [unpublished master thesis]. Islamic University.
Al Hinai, Abdul Aziz Muhammad Saif (2017). Requirements for applying the diverse supervision in the Sultanate of Oman from the point of view of supervisors and teachers of plastic arts [unpublished Master Thesis]. Sultan Qaboos university.
Al Sarayrah, Khaled Ahmed (2011). The job performance of faculty members in the official Jordanian universities: from the viewpoint of department heads in them. Damascus University Journal for Educational and Psychological Sciences: University of Damascus, 27 (102), 610-652. Retrieved from http://search.mandumah.com/Record/107484
Al-Ajami, Sorour (2008). The degree to which high school principals in the State of Kuwait accept educational accountability and its relationship to the degree of their application to it [unpublished Master Thesis]. Amman Arab University for Graduate Studies.
Al-Amiri, Ali bin Muhammad bin Ali (2008). A proposed vision for the technical tasks of educational supervisors in the Sultanate of Oman in light of contemporary global trends [unpublished Master Thesis]. League of Arab States.
Al-Anzi, Mardi bin Muhanna Hattab, and Al-Masaad, Ahmed bin Zaid (2013). E-supervision competencies necessary for the educational supervisor and the degree of availability. Education (Al-Azhar University), 156 (1), 501- 546.
Al-Arfaj, Abeer Muhammad; Al-Ajmi, Sarah Ali; Abdullah, Fatima (2019). Obstacles to applying electronic supervision from the point of view of educational supervisors in the Riyadh region, Journal of Educational Sciences, Prince Sattam Abdulaziz University, Riyadh. 4 (2), 127-320.
Al-Daihani, Sultan Ghaleb, Al-Khuzi, Fahd Abdullah, Al-Jaddi, Ohoud Yasser (2016). The role of electronic supervision in achieving professional development for teachers in general education schools from the viewpoint of department heads in the State of Kuwait. Journal of Gulf and Arabian Peninsula Studies: Kuwait University - Scientific Publishing Council, Q. 42, p. 163, 309 - 346. Retrieved from http://search.mandumah.com/Record/772839
Al-Dajani, Lina (2013). The degree of educational supervisors' practice of participatory supervisory behavior in Amman Governorate and its relationship to the level of effectiveness of teachers from their point of view (unpublished Master Thesis). Middle East University, Amman.
Al-Duaij, Ibrahim (2015). Educational, educational and administrative planning and supervision: the methodological house for publication and distribution.
Al-Farsi, Hakam bin Salem bin Hakam (2009). Activating communication between the principal and the educational supervisor of basic education schools in the Sultanate of Oman [unpublished master's thesis]. Sultan Qaboos university.
Al-Ghamdi, Turki bin Saleh (2011). The effectiveness of using electronic applications in educational supervision, [unpublished Master Thesis]. Omdurman Islamic University.
Al-Hafithi, Hani (2012). The most prominent pros and cons of electronic supervision, a study presented to the Department of Educational Services, Betab, Educational Supervision - Division of Elementary Classes.
Al-Hajri, Mitha Talaq, and Al-Harahisha, Muhammad Aboud. (2016). The degree of participatory supervision practice among school principals and its relationship to improving the job performance of teachers in the Jahra Governorate in the State of Kuwait [Unpublished Master Thesis]. Al Al-Bayt University. Retrieved from http://search.mandumah.com/Record/855180
Al-Harbi, Saeed Salah Hamdi (2016). The degree of availability of the principles of total quality in the model for evaluating the job performance of teachers from the viewpoint of principals of secondary schools in Jeddah. Specialized International Educational Journal: Dar Semat for Studies and Research, 5 (6), 112-133. Retrieved from http://search.mandumah.com/Record/844589
Al-Hariri, Rafida (2010). Teaching methods between tradition and innovation: Dar Al Fikr for publication.
Al-Harithiya, Iman bint Sulayman bin Amer (2016). Psychological empowerment of basic education teachers and its relationship to trust in the educational supervisor in the Sultanate of Oman (unpublished master's thesis). Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat. Retrieved from http://search.mandumah.com/Record/946041
Al-Hashemi, Abdullah and Al-Balushi, Ali and Al-Fahdi, Rashid and Ambosaidi, Abdullah and Al-Rawahi, Nasser (2018). The image of the Omani teacher upon his students in terms of personal characteristics and professional competencies. Education and Psychology Thesis, 60, 1-15.
Al-Hijaria, Nima bint Hamad, Al-Fahdi, Rashid bin Sulaiman, Al-Musawi, Ali bin Sharaf (2014). The requirements for implementing electronic supervision in the Ministry of Education in the Sultanate of Oman [unpublished Master Thesis]. Sultan Qaboos university
Al-Kalbani, Younis Hamdan (2016). The extent of educational supervisors' practice of some types of educational supervision in basic education schools in Al-Wusta Governorate, Sultanate of Oman [Unpublished Master Thesis]. University of Nizwa.
Al-Kindi, Aflah Ahmad (2018). The impact of electronic supervisory follow-up on the performance of the first teacher and its difficulties from the point of view of educational supervisors [unpublished doctoral thesis]. University of Tunis.
Al-Maabdi, Solomon (2011). Electronic Supervision in Public Education: Reality and Expectation (Unpublished Master Thesis). Umm Al Qura University.
Al-Ma'aitah, Abd al-Aziz Atallah; And Al-Rajhi, Sherifa Abdullah Zahir. (2016-2017). The degree to which principals of post-basic education schools practice the skills of job performance evaluation from the viewpoint of teachers in Al-Dakhiliya Governorate, Sultanate of Oman. Zarqa Journal for Research and Humanities Studies - Jordan, 17 (1).
Al-Maamari, Saif bin Nasser, Al-Hamedi, Majid bin Ali, Al-Masrouri, Fahd bin Salem bin Saif. (2014). The degree of difficulties facing teachers of social studies in the post-basic education stage in the Sultanate of Oman. The Future of Arab Education: The Arab Center for Education and Development, vol. 21, p. 90, 129-188. Retrieved from http://search.mandumah.com/Record/704570
Al-Maqtran, Susan Hassan (2016). Educational Supervision (its importance - its goals - its competencies - the skills of the educational supervisor): The Scientific Hurricane House for Publishing and Distribution.
Al-Mughawi, Hamed Ayed (2009). The effectiveness of e-educational supervision in the performance of mathematics teachers [Unpublished Master Thesis] Umm Al-Qura University.
Al-Otaibi, Thiab Saad (2018). Human relations among the leaders of the schools in Taif Governorate and their relationship to the job performance of teachers. Journal of the College of Education, 34 (230).
Al-Qahtani, Kholoud Mohamed (2019). The reality of the use of electronic supervision in secondary schools from the point of view of teachers in Riyadh, the international specialized educational journal, 8 (12), 81-103.
Al-Qasim, Mahmoud Abdel Karim (2005). The Impact of Leadership Patterns of Principals and Principals of Governmental Schools in the Nablus Education Directorate on the Job Satisfaction of Teachers Working with them from the Teachers and Female Teachers' Point of View, Journal of the Federation of Arab Universities. Issue 45. pp. 455--456.
Al-Qasim, Rasha (2013). The reality of the use of electronic supervision in government schools from the viewpoint of educational supervisors in the northern West Bank [unpublished Master's thesis]. Umm Al Qura University.
Al-Qathami, Muhammad bin Dasman Shaddad, and Al-Maliki, Abdul Rahman bin Abdullah bin Muhammad. (2019). A proposed scenario for applying the integrated supervision model in light of the recent trends of educational supervision. Reading and Knowledge Magazine: Ain Shams University - Faculty of Education - Egyptian Association for Reading and Knowledge, p. 215, 129 - 159. Retrieved from http://search.mandumah.com/Record/980476
Al-Qathami, Muhammad, Muhammad bin Dasman Shaddad (2017). A proposed scenario for applying the integrated educational supervision model in light of the recent trends of educational supervision [unpublished master thesis]. Umm Al Qura University.
Al-Qushmeya, Samia Bint Matar (2011). The level of educational supervisors' activation of their roles in the school performance improvement system in the Sultanate of Oman [Unpublished Master Thesis]. Sultan Qaboos university.
Al-Saedi, Ahmed Eid (2015). The scientific supervision model is one of the recent trends in educational supervision. Knowledge, (239), 40-49.
Al-Sawalmeh, Salem Mayouf Salem, and Al-Qutaish, Hussain Mashuh Muhammad (2015). The use of the educational supervisors for the Internet in electronic supervision in the directorates of education in Al-Mafraq Governorate. Studies - Educational Sciences: University of Jordan - Deanship of Scientific Research, vol. 42, No. 1, 171-183. Retrieved from http://search.mandumah.com/Record/622649
Al-Shanafi, Saad (2012). The importance of electronic supervision and obstacles to its use in public education in Al-Quwai’iya governorate [unpublished master's thesis]. Imam Muhammad Bin Saud Islamic University.
Al-Sharif, Talal (2004). Leadership patterns and their relationship to job performance from the viewpoint of workers in the Emirate of Makkah [Unpublished Master Thesis]. Naif Arab University for Security Sciences.
Al-Shawabkeh, Malk (2014). A proposed scenario for virtual educational supervision in Jordan [unpublished doctoral thesis]. University of Jordan.
Al-Shehri, Zayed Muhammad (2018). Requirements for applying the integrated educational supervision from the point of view of educational supervisors in Al-Quwai’iya Governorate, (unpublished Master Thesis), Middle East College, Saudi Arabia.
Al-Shukaili, Sobha Hamad (2013). The reality of value education in the curriculum of social studies for the second cycle of basic education in the Sultanate of Oman from the viewpoint of teachers (unpublished Master Thesis). Faculty of Education. Sultan Qaboos university. Sultanate of Oman.
Al-Zadjali, Naguib (2010). Improving educational supervision in the light of the entrance to total quality management in the Sultanate of Oman [unpublished master thesis]. University of Nizwa.
Al-Zaidi, Ghada bint Sulayman bin Awad (2014). The contribution of web conferences in improving the supervisory methods of female educational supervisors [unpublished Master thesis]. Umm Al Qura University.
Ambosaidi, Abdullah and Al-Fahdi, Rashid and Al-Balushi, Ali and Al-Hashemi, Abdullah and Al-Rawahi, Nasser (2018). The image of the Omani teacher in groups of society: an analytical descriptive study. Journal of Educational and Psychological Studies, 12 (2). 299-282.
Arab Observatory of Education (2011). Analysis of the results of the International Educational Achievement Assessment (IEA). Tunisia: Arab Organization for Education, Culture and Science.
 Awad, Adnan Suleiman (2008). The degree to which administrative leaders exercise bureaucratic administrative behavior and its relationship to the effectiveness of the job performance of department heads in education directorates in Jordan. Amman Arab University for Graduate Studies. Oman Jourdan.
Dawood, Abdel Aziz Ahmed Mohamed, Al-Rashidi, Nayef Mubarak Mesaieed, and Rasmi, Mohamed Hassan (2018). The role of the Web in activating educational supervision methods. Educational Knowledge Magazine: The Egyptian Association for the Foundations of Education, Vol. 6, No. 12, 130 - 140. Retrieved from http://search.mandumah.com/Record/945354
Dora, Abdul Bari; Al-Sabbagh, Zuhair (2008). Human Resources Management in the Twenty-first Century: A Systematic Approach: Wael Publishing House.
Eisan, Salha Abdullah, Al-Ani, and Wajiha Thabet (2007). The role of the educational supervisor and the obstacles to its performance from the point of view of the supervisors themselves in light of some variables in the Sultanate of Oman, Risala Al Khaleej Magazine, 28 (106), 15-43
Ghidan, Doaa Ibrahim Mohamed, and Jaradat, Mahmoud Khaled Mohamed (2016). The degree to which high school principals apply supervisory competencies and their relationship to the level of job performance of teachers in Zarqa Governorate [unpublished Master Thesis] The Hashemite University. Retrieved from http://search.mandumah.com/Record/817780
Grassas, Al-Hussein (2017). Supervisory behavior of the educational supervisor and its relationship to the job performance of a primary school teacher. Studies: Ammar Thalji University in Laghouat, 57, 106-119. Retrieved from http://search.mandumah.com/Record/834130
Grassas, Hussein. (2019). The role of the education inspector in developing a teacher’s job performance. Jill Journal for Humanities and Social Sciences: Jill Center for Scientific Research, No. 53, 115-133. Retrieved from http://search.mandumah.com/Record/994512
Hamdan, Mohamed Mohamed Hussein, and AL Agiz, Fouad Ali Mustafa. (2015). The degree of availability of the requirements for the application of electronic supervision in government schools in the governorates of Gaza and ways to develop it (unpublished master's thesis). The Islamic University (Gaza), Gaza. Retrieved from http://search.mandumah.com/Record/695449
Hammouda, Salima, and Aaish, Sabah (2018, April 3-4). Workplace spirituality, psychological flexibility, and their relationship to teacher performance. Future prospects for education in a changing world, research presented at the seventh conference of the Faculty of Arts / Al-Zaytoonah University of Jordan.
Hassanein, Muhammad (2015). The degree of educational supervisors' practice of managing change and its relationship to the level of performance of their teachers in middle schools in Gaza governorates (unpublished Master Thesis). Islamic University of Gaza.
Ibn Omairan, Salem. (2015). the language of instruction between standard and colloquial. Islamic Consciousness: Ministry of Endowments and Islamic Affairs, Q 52, N.602, 54-56. Retrieved from http://search.mandumah.com/Record/673617
Kamel, Gamal Mohamed (2018). Creative leadership of kindergarten principals and their relationship to the level of female teachers ’job performance. Kindergarten College Journal, p. (12), 198-297.
Kenned, Maysa (2015, March 2-5). The role of blogs in the application of supervisory methods for female educational supervisors, a scientific paper presented at the Fourth International Conference on e-learning and distance education innovative for a promising future, Riyadh.
Khalaf Allah, Mahmoud Ibrahim Awad (2014). A proposed concept for applying the electronic educational supervision to the student’s teachers in the College of Education _ Al-Aqsa University. Al-Aqsa University Journal - Humanities Series: Al-Aqsa University, vol. 18, No. 2, 287 - 315. Retrieved from http://search.mandumah.com/Record/751535
Khalif, Nabil (2007). A suggested model for improving the job performance of teachers of basic education schools in the United Arab Emirates. Unpublished doctoral thesis. Amman Arab University for Higher Studies
Kovan, Abdul Rahman bin Abdullah bin Awad (2018). Difficulties educational supervisors practice their technical duties in the Dhofar Governorate, Sultanate of Oman (unpublished Master Thesis). Sultan Qaboos University, Sultanate of Oman.
Mahasneh, Ibrahim (2013). Management and evaluation of job performance between theory and practice: Jarir House for Publishing and Distribution.
Mahmoud, Maher Al-Saeed, Mansour, Nashat Muhammad Ahmed, Mahrous, Yahya Fekry, and Al-Hussaini, Ahmed Al-Sayed Ali. (2018). Measuring the job performance of sports specialists at Damietta University. Scientific Journal of Physical Education and Sports Sciences: Mansoura University - College of Physical Education, p. 32, 119 - 135. Retrieved from http://search.mandumah.com/Record/957520
Mazid, Sabreen Salman Ahmed, and Al Agiz, Fouad Ali Mustafa. (2017) The degree of secondary school supervisors' practice in Gaza governorates of their duties and their relationship to the level of job performance of their teachers [Unpublished Master Thesis]. Islamic University. Retrieved from http://search.mandumah.com/Record/875314
McMah, Walid (2016). The degree of educational supervisors' practice in the Gaza governorates of creative thinking and its relationship to the level of teacher performance (unpublished Master Thesis). Islamic University of Gaza.
Ministry of Education (2012). Education in the Sultanate of Oman, moving forward with quality. Muscat. The author.
Ministry of Education (2013). National report on the framework for analyzing / diagnosing the quality of public education. Muscat: Oman National Committee for Education, Culture and Science.
Ministry of Education (2015). Guide to filling educational supervision and school administration positions. Muscat, Sultanate of Oman.
Obaidat, Touqan and Abu Al-Semid, Suhaila (2007). Modern strategies in educational supervision: House of thought.
Philae, Farouk; and Abdul Majeed Al-Sayed (2005). Organizational behavior in the management of educational institutions. Al Masirah House for Publishing and Distribution.
 Rasmi, Mohamed Hassan; And Sadiq, Fatima Al-Sayed, and Al-Salal, Salem Mubarak Sultan (2018). The effect of the organizational environment on the performance of employees of the educational institution, Journal of the Faculty of Education, Benha, 166 (6), 461-490.
Sabar, Hossam Mahmoud (2018). Future anxiety and its relationship to the job performance of primary school teachers. Journal of Historical and Cultural Studies, 10 (35).
Safar, Salha (2008). Distance educational supervision between importance and practice and obstacles to its use [Unpublished Master Thesis, Umm Al-Qura University].
Salha, Moamen (2015). The degree of roaming by the UNRWA school administration principals and the effect of its application on the job performance of teachers from their point of view (unpublished master thesis). Islamic University of Gaza.
Shahoumy, Saeed Rashid (2019). Evaluating the job performance of teachers in the United States of America and the possibility of benefiting from it in the Sultanate of Oman. Journal of Arts, Literature, Humanities and Sociology, p (35), 244-205.
Shami, Saliha (2010). The organizational climate and its impact on the job performance of workers. Boumerdes University case study [unpublished MA thesis, Algeria].
Shehata, Hassan and Al-Najjar, Zainab (2003). Dictionary of Educational and Psychological Terms, Egyptian Lebanese House, Cairo. P. 242.
Sheikha, Nader (2010). Human resources management, theoretical framework and practical cases. Al-Safa House for Publishing and Distribution, Amman, Jordan.
Sheldan, Fayez Kamal, Al Qudra, Hamed Naeem (2017). The degree to which primary school supervisors practice the primary methods of educational supervision in light of contemporary trends and ways to develop them. Journal of Al-Quds Open University for Educational and Psychological Research and Studies: Al-Quds Open University, Vol. 5, No. 17, 189-207. Retrieved from http://search.mandumah.com/Record/817719
Sultan, Salwa Abdul Amir (2017). The role of quality educational supervision in developing professional teachers: Sultanate of Oman.
Tamam, Tammam Abdel Alim. (2017). Workers performance: a vision from the work sociology perspective. Scientific Journal of the Faculty of Arts: Assiut University - Faculty of Arts, special issue, 21 - 40. Retrieved from http://search.mandumah.com/Record/991816
The Ministry of Education. (2019). Educational Statistics Annual Book. Muscat: Statistics and Indicators Department
Wardiya, Samira, Hamad, Nasser (2017). The degree of availability of the competencies of the application of electronic supervision to the educational supervisors in Al Dakhiliya Governorate (unpublished Master Thesis). Sultan Qaboos university.
 
ثالثا: مراجع باللغة الانجليزية
Al Nazer, M & Mohammad, Gh (2013). Supervising Practices of Education Supervisors and Their Relationship With The Attitudes Of High Basic Stage Teachers Towards The Profession In The Capital Amman Governorate From Their Point of View. International Journal of Humanities and Social Science, 3(20), 223-243.
Arnauld, E. M. (2016). Virtual supervising: Perceptions of interaction and feedback during student teaching (Order No. 10100453). Available from Pro Quest Dissertations & Theses Global. (1784283970).
Carboni, L &  Riggsbee, J. (2007). We needed support and it out there: Building an Online Learning Community with Cooperating Teacher. Electronic Journal for the Integration of Technology in Education, 6,109- 121.
Collis, B., and Moonen, J., (2008). Web 2.0 tools and processes in higher education: Quality perspectives. Educational Media International. 45(2), 93-106.
Creswell, J.W.(2015). A Concise introduction to mixed methods research. Los Angeles: SAGE.
David . F. (2001). Strategic management: concept & cases. prentice Hall: new jersey.
Donnelly, R. & Fitzmaurice, M. (2013) Development of a Model for Blended Postgraduate Research Supervision in Irish Higher Education. In C. O'Farrell & A. Farrell(eds.) Emerging Issues in Higher Education III, From Capacity Building to Sustainability, Dublin, Educational  Developers in Ireland Network (EDIN). On line http://arrow.dit.ie/cgi/viewcontent. Cgi? Article=1005& context=1tcbk, Retervaled10/10/2019.
Farley, G. (2010). Instructional Supervision: A Descriptive Study Focusing on the Observation and Evaluation of Teachers in Cyber schools, Unpublished Dissertation, Indiana University of Pennsylvania.
Freddy, A.; Eka A. & jumahir, M. (2014). Organizational Culture, Transformational Leadership, work Engagement and teachers Performance: Test of model. International Journal of Education and Research, (1), 1-14.
Gadzirayi, C., Muropa B., Mutandwa E. (2015) Effectiveness of the Blended Supervision Model: A Case Study of Student Teachers Learning to Teach in High Schools in Zimbabwe. Zimbabwe Journal of Educational Research: 25(2): 371- 382.
Jaffurs, Alexander C.(2017). Teacher perceptions of Teacher Evaluation Using the Teacher penance Assessment system and Factors that contribute to Teacher Quality. Professional Growth and Instructional Improvement Over, UN Published Doctoral Dissertation, Faculty of the Graduate School, Universality of Maryland, USA.
Mallon, J. F. (2002). Working Towards Effective Practices in Distance Career Counseling. ERIC Digest. Greensboro, NC: ERIC Counseling and Student Services Clearinghouse. (ERIC ED470597).
Nelson, J, A., Nichter, M.,& Henriksen, R.(2010). On-line supervision and face-to-face supervision in the counseling internship: An exploratory study of similarities and differences. Retrieved from htt:// counselingoutfitters.com/ vistas10/ Article_ 46.pdf.25/8/2019.
Schwartz, Bechet, B. (2014). Virtual supervision of Teacher Candidates: A Case Study, The International Journal of Learning: Annual Review, 21 on line at http:// ijlar. Cgpublisher. Com/ product/ pub.287/ prod.21.
Shean, Carolyn & Catherine, Babiane, (2001). The Electronic Enhancement of Supervision Project (EESP): In: Growing Partnerships for Rural Special Education. Conference Proceeding( San Diego, CA, March29-31), see RC022965.
Wong, Tracy K. Y., Tao, X. and Konishi, Chiaki. (2018). Teacher support in learning Instrumental and appraisal support in relation to math achievement, Issues in Educational Research, 28(1), 202- 219.
Zhang, Xiao- Feng & Ng- Ho-Mning (2015). An effective model of teacher appraisal Evidence from secondary schools in shanghai, China, Educational Management Administration & Leadership, 45(2), 196- 218.
  Zhang, Y., Lupine, J., Buckman and Wei, F. (2011). It is not fair or is it? The role of justice and leadership in explaining work stressor- job performance relationships. Academy of   Management Journal, 57(3), 675- 697.