Mental Toughness and its relation with Academic Motivation & Coping styles with stress for a sample from Helwan University students

Document Type : Original Article

Author

Department of Mental Health,Faculty of Education, Helwan University

Abstract

Abstract:
Researcher aimed to detect the relationship between Mental Toughness both Academic Motivation & Coping styles for a sample consisted of (348) student from Helwan Universit, differences between average scores of the Helwan University   Students in Mental Toughness that are attributable to Gender (Male - Female), that Are attributable to Academic specialization (Literary– Scientific), Result: There Are statically significant relationship between Mental Toughness both Academic Motivation & Coping styles, There are statistically significant differences between Averages score of the Helwan university students in Mental Toughness are attributable To Gender (Male-Female), There are statistically significant differences between Averages score of the Helwan university students in Mental Toughness are attributable To Academic specialization (Literary– Scientific), this result confirms the importance  Of developing Mental Toughness of   university students

Keywords


-         Al-Bahrani,M. Aldhafri,S, Kazem,A. Alzubiadi,A(2013).Age and gender differences in coping style across various problems: Omani adolescents' perspective, Journal of  Adolescence, 36(2),303-309.

-         Amato-Henderson, S., Slade, D., & Kemppainen, A. (2014). Measuringsisu: Development of a tool to measure mental toughness in academia. Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 58th Annual Meeting.
-         Andrewa,P & Chen,M.(2014).Gender Differences in Mental Toughness and Coping with Injury in Runners, Journal of Athletic Enhancement,3(6),1-5.
-         Asken, M. J., Grossman, D., & Christensen, L. W. (2010). Warrior Mindset: Mental toughness skills for a nation’s peacekeepers.Millstadt, IL: Warrior Science Group.
-         Baaleis, M & Ali, S (2018). Impact of Usage of Different Coping Strategies on Academic Performance of Female Students in College of Medicine, Al-Ahsa", the Egyptian Journal of Hospital Medicine, 73(11), 7883-7891
-         Bandura, A. (1997). Self-efficacy: The exercise of control. NewYork: Freeman.
-         Bell, J., Hardy, L., & Beattie, S. (2013). Enhancing mental toughness and performance under pressure in elite young cricketers: A 2-year longitudinal intervention Sport, Exercise, and Performance Psychology, 2, 281-297.
-         Birch, Phil D. J., Crampton, Simon, Greenlees, Iain A., Lowry, Ruth G. and Coffee, Pete (2017) The Mental Toughness Questionniare-48: A Re-examination of Factorial Validity. International Journal of Sport Psychology, 48 (3) 331-355
-         Bull, S. J., Albinson, J. G., & Shambrook, C. J. (1996). The mental game plan: Getting psyched for sport. Eastbourne, UK: Sports Dynamics
-         Clough, P., Earle, K., & Sewell, D. (2002). Mental toughness: The Concept and its measurement. In I. Cockerill (Ed.), Solutions in Sport psychology (pp. 32–45). London: Thomson.
-         Clough, P., & Strycharczyk, D. (2012). Developing mental toughness: Improving performance, wellbeing and positive behavior in others. London: Kogan Page.
-         Coulter, T., Mallett, C. J., & Gucciardi, D. F. (2010). Understanding mental toughness in Australian soccer: Perceptions of players, parents, and coaches. Journal of Sports Sciences, 28, 699–716.
-         Crosini, R.J. (1999).The Dictionary of Psychology, New York: Brunner Mazel.
-         Crust, L. (2003). A review and conceptual re-examination of mental toughness, Mayors walk, North Yorkshire, 10-11.
-         Crust, L., Earle, K., Perry.J. Earle, F., Clough, A. & Clough, P. (2014). “Mental toughness in higher education: Relationships with achievement and progression in first-year university sports students”, Personality and Individual Differences, 69, 87-91.
-         Duckworth, A. L., Peterson, C., Matthews, M. D., & Kelly, D. R. (2007). Grit: Perseverance and passion for long-term goals.
Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 92, 1087–1101.
-         Elemiri, A. & Aly, Ahmed. (2014)."Mental toughness and its relationship to the achievement level of the weightlifters in Egypt", Turkish Journal of Sport and Exercise, 16(2), 63-69.
-         Fagin,L.,Carson,J.,Leary,J.,Devillers,N.,Bartlett,H.Omalley,P.,West,M.,Mcelfatrick,S.& Brown,D.(1996).Stress,Coping  & burnout in mental health nurses: Findings from three research studies, International Journal of Social Psychiatry,42,102-111.
-         Feist, G.J & Rosenberg, E.L.) 2014(. Psychology. Perspective and connections,  (2nd), New York: McGraw Hill.
-         Fourie, S. & Potgieter, J. (2001).”The nature of Mental toughness in sport, South African Journal of Research in sport, 72(23), 63-72.
-         Gerber,M.,Kalak.N.,Lemola,S.,Clough,P.,Perry,J.,Pühse,U., Elliot,C., Trachsler,E., Brand.,S.(2012)." Are Adolescents With High Mental Toughness Levels More Resilient Against Stress?', Stress Health,29(2),164-171.
-         Gerber, M., Brand, S., Feldmeth, A. K., Lang, C., Elliot, C., Holsboer-Trachsler, E.,(2013). Adolescents with high mental toughness adapt better to perceived stress: a longitudinal study with Swiss vocational students. Personality and Individual Differences. 54, 808–814.
-         Gerber M, Feldmeth AK, Lang C, Brand S, Elliot C, Holsboer-Trachsler E, Pühse U.(2015).The Relation between Mental touphness, stress, and burnout among adolescents: A Longitudinal study with Swiss vocational students, Psychological Reports, 117(3), 703-723.
-         Goldberg, A. S. (1998). Sports slump busting: 10 steps to mental toughness and peak performance. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
-         Gould, D., Hodge, K., Peterson, K., & Petlichkoff, L. (1987). Psychological foundations of coaching: similarities and differences among intercollegiate wrestling coaches, The Sport Psychologist, 1,293–308.American Fitness, 11, 18–19.
-         Graham, D., & Yocom, G. (1990). Mental toughness training for golf. Lexington, MA: The Stephen Greene Press.
-         Gucciardi, D. F. (2017). Mental toughness: progress and prospects. Curr. Opin. Psychol. 16, 17–23.
-         Gucciardi, D. F., Gordon, S., & Dimmock, J. A. (2009). Development and preliminary validation of a mental toughness inventory for Australian football. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 10,201–209.
-         Gucciardi, D., Hanton, S., Gordon, S., Mallett, C. & Temby, P. (2015).”The Concept of Mental Toughness: Tests of Dimensionality, Nomological Network, and Traitness”, Journal of Personality, 83(1), 26-44.
-         Gucciardi, D. F., Hanton, S., and Mallett, C. J. (2012). Progressing measurement in mental toughness: a case example of the mental toughness questionnaire 48. Sport Exerc. Perform. Psychol. 1, 194–214.
-         Guillén, F., & Laborde, S. (2014). Higher-order structure of mental toughness and the analysis of latent mean differences between athletes from 34 disciplines and non-athletes. Personality and Individual Differences, 60, 30–35.
-         Hamilton, S., & Fagot, B. I. (1988). Chronic stress and coping styles: A comparison of male and female undergraduates. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 55(5), 819–823
-         Hardy, J. H., Imose, R. A., and Day, E. A. (2014). Relating trait and domain mental toughness to complex task learning. Personality and Individual Differences. 68, 59–64.
-         Heppner, P. P., Cook, S. W., Strozier, A. L., & Heppner, M. J. (1991). An investigation of coping styles and gender differences with farmers in career transition. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 38(2), 167–174
-         Hodge, K. (1994). Mental toughness in sport: Lessons for life. The pursuit of personal excellence. Journal of Physical Education New Zealand, 27, 12–16.
-         Jones, G., Hanton, S., & Connaughton, D. (2002). What is this thing? Called mental toughness? An investigation of elite sport performers. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 14, 205–218.
-         Jones, G., & Moorhouse, A. (2007). Developing mental toughness: Gold medal strategies for transforming your business performance.Begbroke, Oxford, UK: Spring Hill.
-         Jones, G., Hanton, S., & Connaughton, D. (2007). A framework of mental toughness in the world’s best performers. The Sport Psychologist, 21, 243–264.
-         Jones, G. (2012). The role of superior performance intelligence in sustained success. In S. Murphy (Ed.), The Oxford handbook of sport and performance psychology (pp. 62–80). New York: Oxford University Press.
-         Khalaila, R. (2015). The relationship between academic self-concept, intrinsic motivation, test anxiety, and academic achievement among nursing students: mediating and moderating effects, Nurse Education Today, 35(3):432-8.
-         Kobasa. C. S. (1979). Stressfful life events, Personality and Health: an inquiry into hardiness. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 37, (l) 1-11.
-         Larson, R. J. (2000). Toward a science of mood regulation. Psychological Bulletin, 108, 480–498.
-         Lavender, M. (2005). A Comparison of Academic Motivation of Academically Prepared and Academically Unprepared Community College Students. PH.D, College of Education, Florida State University, USA.
-         Lazarus, R.S. & Folkman, S. (1984).Stress, Appraisal & Coping, New York: Springer.
-         Litman, J. A. (2006). The copy inventory: dimensionality and relationships with approach and avoidance motives and positive and negative traits. Personality and Individual Differences, 14(2), 273-284
-         Lin, Y., Clough, P., Welch, J & Papageorgioud, K. (2017).” Individual differences in mental toughness associate with academic performance and income”, Personality and Individual Differences, 113, 178-183
-         Lin, Y., Mutz, J., Clough, P., & Papageorgiou, K. (2017). Mental tough-ness and individual differences in learning, educational and workperformance, psychological well-being, and personality: A system-atic review.Frontiers in Psychology, 8, 1345.
-         Loehr, J. E. (1986). Mental toughness training for sports: Achieving athletic excellence. Lexington, MA: Stephen Greene Press.
-         Loehr, J. E. (1995). The new toughness training for sports. New York: Plume.
-         Luszki, W. A. (1982). Winning tennis through mental toughness. New York: Everest House.
-         Mack, M. G., & Ragan, B. G. (2008). Development of the mental, emotional, and bodily toughness inventory in collegiate athletes and non-athletes. Journal of Athletic Training, 43, 125–132.
-         Madrigal, L., Hamill, S., & Gill, D. L. (2013). Mind over matter: The development of the mental toughness scale (MTS). The Sport Psychologist, 27, 62–77.
-         Mann, R. (2000).”The measurement of metnal toughness”, Pacific Palisades, CA, 28.

-         Matud, M. (2004). Gender differences in stress and coping styles, Personality and Individual Differences, 37(7), 1401-1415.

-         Middleton, S., Marsh, H., Martin, A., Richards, G., & Perry, C. (2005). Developing a test for mental toughness: The Mental Toughness Inventory (MTI). Australian Association for Research in Education 2005 conference papers.
-         Neill,L & Michael J. Proeve (2000) Ethnicity, gender, self-esteem, and coping styles: A comparison of Australian and south-east asian secondary students, Australian Psychologist, 35:3, 216-220
-         Nicholls, A., Levy, A., Polman, R., Crust, L. (2011). Mental toughness, Coping Self-Efficacy, and Coping effectiveness among athletes, International journal of sport psychology, 42(6):513-524.
-         Nicholls, A., Polman, R., Levy, A, Backhouse, S. (2008)." Author's personal copyMental toughness, optimism, pessimism, and copingamong athletes", Personality and Individual Differences, 44 1182–1192.
-         Pankey, B. (1993). “Presence of mind: Five ways to lower your class drop-out rate with mental toughness”, American Fitness, 11, 18-19.
-         Perry, J., Clough, P., Crust, L., Earle, K & Nicholls. (2013). “Factorial validity of the Mental Toughness Questionnaire-48”, Personality and Individual Differences, 54(5), 587-592.
-         Ryan, R.M., & Deci, E.L. (2000). Intrinsic and extrinsic motivations: Classic definitions and news directions. Contemporary Educational psychology, 25, 54-67.
-         Robinson, M. D., Schmeichel, B. J., & Inzlicht, M. (2010). A cognitive control perspective of self-control strength and its depletion. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 4, 189–200.
-         Scheier, M. F., & Carver, C. S. (1985). Optimism, coping and health: Assessment and implications of generalized outcome expectancies. Health Psychology, 4, 219–247.
-         Seligman, M. E. P. (1991). Learned optimism. New York: Knopf.
-         Sheard, M., Golby, J., & van Wersch, A. (2009). Progress toward construct validation of the Sport Mental Toughness Questionnaire (SMTQ), European Journal of Psychological Assessment, 25, 186–193.
-         Smith, H. A., Wolfe-Clark, & Bryan, C. J. (2016). An exploratory study of the Mental Toughness Psychological Skills psychometrics and the mediating effect of social support sources on mental toughness and suicidal ideation among military police, Journal of Police and Criminal Psychology.31(4), 295-303.
-         Smith,M. & Firth,J.(2018). Psychology in the Classroom, A Teachers guide to what works, New York: Routlege.
-         Snyder, C. R., Harris, C., Anderson, J. R., Irving, L., Sigmon, S. T.,Yoshinobu, L., et al. (1991). The will and the ways: Development and validation of an individual-differences measure of hope. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 60, 570–585.
-         Stamp,E.,Crust,L.Swann,C.Perry,J.,Clough,P & Marchant,D.(2015).
Relationships between Mental toughness and Psychological Wellbing in Undergraduate students, Personality and Individual Differences, 75-170-174.
-         Sternberg, R. J. (1998). A balance theory of wisdom. Review of General Psychology, 2(4), 347–365.
-         Stock,R., Lynam., S ., Cachia,M (2018) Academic success: the role of mental toughness in predicting and creating success, Higher Education Pedagogies, 3:1,429-433,
-         Strycharczyk, D., & Clough, P. (2015). Developing Mental Toughness: Coaching Strategies to Improve Performance, Resilience and Wellbeing. London, UK: Karnac Books Ltd.
-         Taylor, J. (1989). Mental toughness (Part 2): A simple reminder may be all you need, Sport Talk, 18, 2–3.
-         Thom,C. & Guay,F(2018). Mental toughness among high school students: a testof its multidimensionality and nomological validity with academic achievement and preferencefor difficult tasks, Soc Psychol Educ, 827-848.
-         VandenBos, G.R (2015). APA Dictionary of Psychology, (2rd), Washington: American Psychological Association.
-         Vaughan, R., Hanna, D.  & Breslin, G. (2018). “Psychometric Properties of the Mental Toughness Questionnaire 48 (MTQ48) in Elite, Amateur and Non-athletes”, Sport, Exercise, and Performance Psychology, Advance online publication.
-         Weinberg, R. (2010). Mental toughness for sport, business, and life, Bloomington, IN: AuthorHouse.
-         Wakefield, T. S. (2008). Mental toughness: Understanding the game of life. Bloomington, IN: AuthorHouse.