Bakker, A. B., & Demerouti, E. (2017). Job demands-resources theory: Taking stock and looking forward.
Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 22, 273–285.
https://doi.org/10.1037/ocp0000056.
Basri, S., Hawaldar, I.T., Nayak, R., & Rahiman, H.U. (2022). Do academic stress, burnout and problematic internet use affect perceived learning? Evidence from India during the COVID-19 Pandemic.
Sustainability, 14(3),1409.
https://doi.org/10.3390/ su14031409
Bedewy, D., & Gabriel, A. (2015). Examining perceptions of academic stress and its sources among university students: The Perception of Academic Stress Scale.
Health psychology open, 2(2), 2055102915596714.
https://doi.org/10.1177/2055102915596714
Benjamin,L.J., & John, W.C. (2021). Examining the moderation and mediation effects of mental toughness on perceived stress and anxiety amongst athletes and non-athletes.
Asian Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology 1(2-3), 89–97.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajsep.2021.09.001
Blackwell, L. S., Trzesniewski, K. H., & Dweck, C. S. (2007). Implicit theories of intelligence predict achievement across an adolescent transition: A longitudinal study and an intervention. Child Development, 78(1), 246–263. doi:10.1111/j.14678624.2007.00995.x
Burnette, J. L., Knouse, L. E., Vavra, D. T., O'Boyle, E., & Brooks, M. A. (2020). Growth mindsets and psychological distress: A meta-analysis.
Clinical psychology review, 77, 101816.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2020.101816
Burnette, J. L., O’Boyle, E., Van Epps, E. M., Pollack, J. M., & Finkel, E. J. (2013). Mindsets matter: A meta–analytic review of implicit theories and self-regulation. Psychological Bulletin, 139(3), 655–701.
Calo, M., Peiris, C., Chipchase, L., Blackstock, F., & Judd, B. (2019). Grit, resilience and mindset in health students.
The clinical teacher, 16(4), 317–322.
https://doi.org/10.1111/tct.13056
Chen, H. L., Wang, H. Y., Lai, S. F., & Ye, Z. J. (2022). The associations between psychological distress and academic burnout: A mediation and moderation analysis. Psychology research and behavior management, 15, 1271–1282. https://doi.org/10.2147/PRBM.S360363
Cheng, X., & Lin, H. (2023). Mechanisms from academic stress to subjective well-being of chinese adolescents: The roles of academic burnout and internet addiction. Psychology research and behavior management, 16, 4183–4196. https://doi.org/10.2147/PRBM.S423336
Cheung, P., & Li, C. (2019). Physical activity and mental toughness as antecedents of academic burnout among school students: A latent profile approach.
International journal of environmental research and public health, 16(11), 2024.
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16112024
Clough, P., Earle, K., & Sewell, D. (2002). Mental toughness: The concept and its measurement. In I. Cockerill (Ed.), Solutions in sport psychology (pp. 32-46). London:Thomson.
Cohen,J.(1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences (2nd ed), Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Coulter, T. J., Mallett, C. J., & Gucciardi, D. F. (2010). Understanding mental toughness in Australian soccer: perceptions of players, parents, and coaches.
Journal of sports sciences, 28(7), 699–716.
https://doi.org/10.1080/02640411003734085
Cowden, R. G., Meyer-Weitz, A., & Oppong Asante, K. (2016). Mental toughness in competitive tennis: Relationships with resilience and stress. Frontiers in Psychology, 7, 320.https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00320
Cristina,C.G.M. (2020). The impact of cognitive style, affectivity, and mental toughness on nonclinical symptoms of stress, anxiety, and depression in college students [Master’s thesis of art, psychology department], https://louis.uah.edu/uah-theses/350
Crust, L. (2008). A review and conceptual re-examination of mental toughness: Implications for future researchers.
Personality and Individual Differences, 45(7), 576–583.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2008.07.005
Crust, L. (2009). The relationship between mental toughness and affect intensity. Personality and Individual Differences, 47(8), 959–963. https://doiorg.elib.uah.edu/10.1016/j.paid.2009.07.023
Crust, L., Earle, K., Perry, J., Earle, F., Clough, A., & Clough, P. J. (2014). Mental toughness in higher education: Relationships with achievement and progression in first-year university sports students. Personality and Individual Differences, 69, 87- 91.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2014.05.016
Dagnall, N., Denovan, A., Papageorgiou, K. A., Clough, P. J., Parker, A., & Drinkwater, K. G. (2019). Psychometric assessment of shortened mental toughness questionnaires (MTQ): Factor structure of the MTQ-18 and the MTQ-10. Frontiers in psychology, 10, 1933. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01933
Dagnall, N., Drinkwater, K. G., Denovan, A., & Walsh, R. S. (2021). The potential benefits of nonskills training (mental toughness) for elite athletes: Coping with the negative effects of the COVID- 19 pandemic. Frontiers in Sports and Active Living, 3, 581431.https://doi.org/10.3389/fspor.2021.581431
De Castella, K., & Byrne, D. (2015). My intelligence may be more malleable than yours: The revised implicit theories of intelligence (self-theory) scale is a better predictor of achievement, motivation, and student disengagement. European Journal of Psychology of Education. 30, 245–267. doi: 10.1007/s10212-015-0244-y
Degol, J. L., Wang, M. T., Zhang, Y., & Allerton, J. (2018). Do growth mindsets in math benefit females? Identifying pathways between Gender, mindset, and motivation.
Journal of youth and adolescence, 47(5), 976–990.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-017-0739-8
Demerouti, E., Bakker, A. B., Nachreiner, F., & Schaufeli, W. B. (2001). The job demands-resources model of burnout. The Journal of applied psychology, 86(3), 499–512.
Denovan, A., Dagnall, N., & Drinkwater, K. (2022). Examining what mental toughness, ego resiliency, self-efficacy, and grit measure: An exploratory structural equation modelling bifactor approach.
Current Psychology: A Journal for Diverse Perspectives on Diverse Psychological Issues. Advance online publication.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-022-03314-5
Dupeyrat, C., & Mariné, C. (2005). Implicit theories of intelligence, goal orientation, cognitive engagement, and achievement: A test of Dweck’s model with returning to school adults. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 30(1), 43–59. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cedpsych.2004.01.007
Dweck, C. S. (1986). Motivational processes affecting learning. American Psychologist, 41(10), 1040–1048. https://doi.org/10. 1037/0003-066X.41.10.1040.
Dweck, C. S. (1999). Caution—Praise can be dangerous. American Educator, 23(1), 4–9.
Dweck, C. S. (2006). Mindset: The new psychology of success. New York: Random House.
Dweck, C. S. (2009). Mindsets: Developing talent through a growth mindset. Olympic Coach, 21(1), 4–7.
Dweck, C. S., & Leggett, E. L. (1988). A social‐cognitive approach to motivation and personality. Psychological Review, 95(2), 256–273.
Dweck, C. S., & Yeager, D. S. (2019). Mindsets: A view from two eras. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 14(3), 481–496. doi:10.1177/1745691618804166
Dweck, C., Walton, G. M., & Cohen, G. L. (2014). Academic tenacity: Mindsets and skills that promote long-term learning. Seattle, WA: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
Dyrbye, L. N., West, C. P., Satele, D., Boone, S., Tan, L., Sloan, J., & Shanafelt, T. D. (2014). Burnout among U.S. medical students, residents, and early career physicians relative to the general U.S. population.
Academic Medicine, 89(3), 443–451.
https://doi.org/10.1097/acm.0000000000000134
El Barusi, A.R., & Kurniawati, F. (2024). Systematic literature review: A Study of Academic Burnout among Undergraduate Students in Universities. International
Journal of Science Education and Cultural Studies, 3(1), 1–18.
https://doi.org/10.58291/ijsecs.v3i1.198
Ergin, R., Çakır, G., & Işık, U. (2023). Mediator role of perceived stress in the relationship between positive/negative emotions and mental toughness.
Mediterranean Journal of Sport Science, 6(1), 37-51. doi:
https://doi.org/10.38021asbid.1161949
Estrada-Araoz, E. G., Paredes-Valverde, Y., Quispe-Herrera, R., Larico-Uchamaco, G. R., & Paricahua-Peralta, J. N. (2023). Examining the relationship between academic burnout and the university student’s engagement: A Cross-Sectional study on the return to face-to-face classes.
Journal of Law and Sustainable Development, 11(2), e424.
https://doi.org/10.55908/sdgs.v11i2.424
Ingebrigtsen, M. (2018). How to measure a growth mindset. A validation study of the implicit theories of intelligence scale and a novel norwegian measure [Master’s thesis in psychology], UiT The Arctic University of Norway
Fariborz, N., Hadi, J., & Ali, T.N. (2019). Students’ academic stress, stress response and academic burnout: Mediating role of self-efficacy. Pertanika Journal of Social Sciences & Humanities, 27 (4), 2441 – 2454
Farrington, C.A. (2013). Academic mindsets as a critical component of deeper learning. A white paper prepared for the william and flora hewlett foundation, University of Chicago: Consortium on Chicago School Research.
Fourie, S., & Potgieter, J. R. (2001). The nature of mental toughness in sport. South African Journal for Research in Sport, Physical Education and Recreation, 23, 4 63-72.
França, F. D. P., & Dias, T. L. (2021). Validity and reliability of the perceptions of academic stress scale. Psicologia: Teoria e Prática, 23(1), 1–21.doi:10.5935/1980-6906/ePTPPA13041
Freudenberger, N. J. (1974). Staff burnout. Journal of Social Issues, 30,159- 165.
Gerber, M., Best, S., Meerstetter, F., Walter, M., Ludyga, S., Brand, S., Bianchi, R., Madigan, D. J., Isoard-Gautheur, S., & Gustafsson, H. (2018). Effects of stress and mental toughness on burnout and depressive symptoms: A prospective study with young elite athletes.
Journal of science and medicine in sport, 21(12), 1200-1205.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2018.05.018
Gerber, M., Brand, S., Feldmeth, A. K., Lang, C., Elliot, C., Holsboer-Trachsler, E., & Pühse, U. (2013). Adolescents with high mental toughness adapt better to perceived stress: A longitudinal study with Swiss vocational students. Personality and Individual Differences, 54 (7), 808–814. 10.1016/j.paid.2012.12.003.
Gerber, M., Feldmeth, A. K., Lang, C., Brand, S., Elliot, C., Holsboer-Trachsler, E., & Pühse, U. (2015). The relationship between mental toughness, stress, and burnout among adolescents: A longitudinal study with Swiss vocational students. Psychological Reports, 117 (3), 703–723. 10.2466/14.02.pr0.117c29z6.
Gerber, M., Feldmeth, A.K., Elliot, C., Brand, S., Holsboer-Trachsler, E., & Pühse, U..(2014). Mental health in Swiss vocational students: The moderating role of physical activity. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 25, 63-74.
Gerber, M., Kalak, N., Lemola, S., Clough, P. J., Perry, J. L., Pühse, U., Elliot, C., Holsboer- Trachsler, E., & Brand, S. (2013). Are adolescents with high mental toughness levels more resilient against stress?
Stress and Health, 29(2), 164–171..
https://doi.org/10.1002/smi.2447
Golby, J., Sheard, M., & van Wersch, A. (2007). Evaluating the factor structure of the 11 psychological performance inventory. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 105, 309-312. DOI: 10.2466/pms.105.1.309-325
Gucciardi, D. F. (2017). Mental toughness: Progress and prospects. Current Opinion in Psychology, 16, 17–23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2017.03.010
Gucciardi, D. F. , Gordon, S. , & Dimmock, J. A. (2008). Towards and understanding of mental toughness in Australian football. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 20 (3), 261–281.
Gucciardi, D. F., & Gordon, S. (2009). Development and preliminary validation of the Cricket Mental Toughness Inventory (CMTI). Journal of Sports Sciences, 27(12), 1293–1310.https://doiorg.elib.uah.edu/10.1080/02640410903242306
Gucciardi, D. F., Gordon, S., & Dimmock, J. A. (2009). Evaluation of a mental toughness training program for youth-aged Australian footballers: II. A qualitative analysis.
Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 21(3), 324–339.
https://doi.org/10.1080/10413200903026074
Gucciardi, D. F., Hanton, S., Gordon, S., Mallett, C. J., & Temby, P. (2015). The concept of mental toughness: Tests of dimensionality, nomological network, and traitness. Journal of Personality, 83 (1), 26–44. 10.1111/jopy.12079.
Habibi Asgarabad, M., Charkhabi, M., Fadaei, Z., Baker, J. S., & Dutheil, F. (2021). Academic expectations of stress inventory: A psychometric evaluation of validity and reliability of the persian version.
Journal of personalized medicine, 11(11), 1208.
https://doi.org/10.3390/jpm11111208
Haghighi, M., & Gerber, M. (2019). Does mental toughness buffer the relationship between perceived stress, depression, burnout, anxiety, and sleep?
International Journal of Stress Management, 26(3), 297–305.
https://doi.org/10.1037/str0000106
Hao, Z., Jin, L., Huang, J., & Wu, H. (2022). Stress, academic burnout, smartphone use types and problematic smartphone use: The moderation effects of resilience.
Journal of psychiatric research, 150, 324–331.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2022.03.019
Horiuchi, S., Tsuda, A., Aoki, S., Yoneda, K., & Sawaguchi, Y. (2018). Coping as a mediator of the relationship between stress mindset and psychological stress response: A pilot study.
Psychology Research and Behavior Management, 11, 47–54.
https://doi.org/10.2147/PRBM.S150400
Hunt, F., Usher,L., Pollak, L.F., Stock,R., Lynam,S. & Cachia, M. (2017). Mental toughness: Is it the key to academic success? New Vistas, 2 (1),. 10-15.
Hwang, Y.K, Jung, M. & Lee, C. (2019). The effect of employment stress and growth mindset on the happiness of korean college students: The moderated mediation model of grit. Medico-Legal Update, 19(2):487. DOI:10.5958/0974-1283.2019.00224.X
Jenaabadi,H. Nastiezaie,N., & Safarzaie, H.(2017). The relationship of academic burnout and academic stress with academic self-efficacy among graduate students.
The New Educational Review, 49(3), 65-76. DOI:
10.15804/tner.2017.49.3.05.
Jones, G., Hanton, S., & Connaughton, D. (2002). What is this thing called mental toughness? An investigation of elite sport performers. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology,14, 205-218. DOI:10.1080/10413200290103509
Jones, G., Hanton, S., & Connaughton, D. (2007). A framework of mental toughness in the world’s best performers. The Sport Psychologist, 21(2), 243 264. https://doi.org/10.1123/tsp.21.2.243
Kaggwa, M. M., Kajjimu, J., Sserunkuma, J., Najjuka, S. M., Atim, L. M., Olum, R., Tagg, A., & Bongomin, F. (2021). Prevalence of burnout among university students in low- and middle-income countries: A systematic review and meta-analysis.
PLOS One, 16(8), e0256402.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0256402
Kim, B., Kim, E., & Lee, S. M. (2017). Examining longitudinal relationship among effort reward imbalance, coping strategies and academic burnout in Korean middle school students.
School Psychology International, 38(6), 628–646.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0143034317723685
Kim, K.T. (2020). A structural relationship among growth mindset, academic grit, and academic burnout as perceived by korean high school students. Universal Journal of Educational Research, 8(9), 4009 - 4018. DOI: 10.13189/ujer.2020.080926
Lazarus, R.S., Launier, R. (1978). Stress-related transactions between person and environment. In: Pervin, L.A., Lewis, M. (eds) Perspectives in Interactional Psychology. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-3997-7_12
Lee, C.S. and Hwang, Y.K. (2018). Mediating effects of growth mindset in the relationship between employment stress and happiness of university students in korea. International Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics, 18(24), ISSN: 1314-3395. http://www.acadpubl.eu/hub/Special Issue
Lin, F. & Yang, K. (2021). The external and internal factors of academic burnout. Proceedings of the 2021 4th International Conference on Humanities Education and Social Sciences (ICHESS 2021), Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research, 615, 1815- 1821, doi:
10.2991/assehr.k.211220.307
Lin, Y. M., & Chen, F. S. (2009). Academic stress inventory of students at universities and colleges of technology. World Transactions on Engineering and Technology Education, 7(2), 157-162.
Lin, Y., Clough, P. J., Welch, J., & Papageorgiou, K. A. (2017). Individual differences in mental toughness associate with academic performance and income. Personality and Individual Differences, 113, 178–183. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2017.03.039
Lin, Y., Mutz, J., Clough, P. J., & Papageorgiou, K. A. (2017). Mental toughness and individual differences in learning, educational and work performance, psychological well-being, and personality: A systematic review. Frontiers in psychology, 8, 1345. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01345
Liu X. (2023). Examining student burnout causes among English as a foreign language students: focus on school climate and student growth mindset.
Frontiers in psychology, 14, 1166408.
https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1166408
Liu, Z., Xie, Y., Sun, Z., Liu, D., Yin, H., & Shi, L. (2023). Factors associated with academic burnout and its prevalence among university students: A cross-sectional study.
BMC medical education, 23(1), 317.
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12909-023-04316-y
Madrigal, L., Hamill, S., & Gill, D. L. (2013). Mind over matter: The development of the Mental Toughness Scale (MTS).
The Sport Psychologist, 27(1), 62–77.
https://doi.org/10.1123/tsp.27.1.62
Maslach, C. (1993). Burnout: A multidimensional perspective. In W.B.Schaufeli, C. Maslach, & T. Marek (Eds.), Professional burnout: Recent developments in theory and research (pp. 19–32). Taylor & Francis.
McClendon, C., Neugebauer, R. M., & King, A. (2017). Grit, growth mindset, and deliberate practice in online learning. Journal of Instructional Research, 6, 8–17.
McGeown, S. P., St Clair-Thompson, H., & Clough, P. (2016). The study of non-cognitive attributes in education: Proposing the mental toughness framework.
Educational Review, 68(1), 96–113.
https://doi.org/10.1080/00131911.2015.1008408
McGeown, S., St. Clair-Thompson, H., & Putwain, D. W. (2018). The development and validation of a mental toughness scale for adolescents.
Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment, 36(2), 148–161.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0734282916673512
Meier, S. T., & Schmeck, R. R. (1985). The burnedout college-student — a descriptive profile. Journal of College Student Development, 26, 63-69.
Moghadam, K.,A. Jayervand, H., & Makvandi, B.(2023). The relationship between academic burnout and hope for the future in medical students: Mediating role of the stress.
Journal of Medical Education, 22(1):e135153.
https://doi.org/10.5812/jme-135153.
Mutz, J., Clough, P., & Papageorgiou, K. A. (2017). Do individual differences in emotion regulation mediate the relationship between mental toughness and symptoms of depression?
Journal of Individual Differences, 38(2), 71–82.
https://doiorg.elib.uah.edu/10.1027/1614-0001/a000224
Neumann, Y., Finaly-Neumann, E., & Reichel, A. (1990). Determinants and consequences of students’ burnout in universities. The Journal of Higher Education, 61(1), 20-31.
Nieuwenhuis, S., van der Mee, D. J., Janssen, T. W. P., Verstraete, L. L. L., Meeter, M., & van Atteveldt, N. M. (2023). Growth mindset and school burnout symptoms in young adolescents: The role of vagal activity as potential mediator.
Frontiers in psychology, 14, 1176477.
https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1176477
Noreen, S., Ghayas,S., Khalid,S. & Awan,A.S.M. (2021). Construction and validation of academic stress scale for university students.
Pakistan Journal of Education, 38(2),1-24.
https://doi.org/10.30971/pje.v38i1.632
Novianty,l., Said, F.B & Nambiar,N.(2022). The relationship between social support, self efficacy and academic stress with burnout undergraduate nursing student in indonesia: A cross sectional study. Malaysian Journal of Medicine and Health Sciences, 18(SUPP17), 15-19.
Oloidi, F. J., Sewagegn, A. A., Amanambu, O. V., Umeano, B. C., & Ilechukwu, L. C. (2022). Academic burnout among undergraduate history students: Effect of an intervention.
Medicine, 101(7), e28886.
https://doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000028886
Papageorgiou, K. A., Gianniou, F. M., Wilson, P., Moneta, G. B., Bilello, D., & Clough, P. J. (2019). The bright side of dark: Exploring the positive effect of narcissism on perceived stress through mental toughness. Personality and Individual Differences, 139, 116-124.
Papi, M., Rios, A., Pelt, H., & Ozdemir, E. (2019). Feedback‐seeking behavior in language learning: Basic components and motivational antecedents.
Modern Language Journal, 103(1), 205–226.
https://doi.org/10.1111/modl.12538
Park, S. (2021). Validating a Mindset Scale [Master’s thesis of Science in Assessment, Measurement and Evaluation], Faculty of Educational Science, University of Oslo
Perrella, L., Lodi, E., & Patrizi, P. (2024). Adaptation and validation of the academic stress scale in the italian context: Latent structure, reliability, and concurrent validity.
European journal of investigation in health, psychology and education, 14(3), 782–807.
https://doi.org/10.3390/ejihpe14030051
Perry, J.L., Strycharczyk, D., Dagnall, N., Denovan, A., Papageorgiou, K.A., & Clough, P.J. (2021). Dimensionality of the mental toughness questionnaire (MTQ48). Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 654836.doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.654836
Pholchan, T., & Chuangchum, P. (2018). The life purposes and searching for meaning of life in the third-year medical students, Naresuan University. Thammasat. Medical Journal, 4, 636–643. https://he02.tci-thaijo.org/index.php/tmj/article/view/162482 [in Thai]
Poulus, D., Coulter, T. J., Trotter, M. G., & Polman, R. (2020). Stress and coping in esports and the influence of mental toughness. Frontiers in psychology, 11, 628. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00628
Postigo, A., Cuesta, M., Garca-Cueto, E., Menendez-Aller, A., Gonzalez-Nuevo, C., & Muniz, J.(2021). Grit assessment: Is one dimension enough?
Journal of Personality Assessment, 103(6), 786–796.
https://doi.org/10.1080/00223891.2020.1848853
Rahmatpour, P., Chehrzad, M., Ghanbari, A., & Sadat-Ebrahimi, S. R. (2019). Academic burnout as an educational complication and promotion barrier among undergraduate students: A cross-sectional study. Journal of education and health promotion, 8, 201. https://doi.org/10.4103/jehp.jehp_165_19
Rosales-Ricardo, Y., Rizzo-Chunga, F., Mocha-Bonilla, J.A., & Ferreira, J.P. (2021). Prevalence of burnout syndrome in university students: A systematic review. Salud mental ,44(2),91-102.
Ruel, I.A. (2023). Perfectionism as a moderator in the relationship between stress and burnout in students. [Bachelor thesis, Positive Clinical Psychology and Technology (PCPT) ], University of Twente, Behavioural, Management and Social Sciences
Rullman, K.P., D'Anna, S.L., Jacobs, L.A., Jacobs, K.R., & Jellison, W.A. (2022). How perceptions of obstacles, stress, and different mindsets may impact a student’s self-beliefs.
Psi Chi Journal of Psychological research, the international honor society in psychology , 27(2), 105-112. doi:
10.24839/2325-7342.jn27.2.105
Rustam, H. K., & Tentama, F. (2020). Creating academic stress scale and the application for students: Validity and reliability test in psychometrics.
International Journal of Scientific and Technology Research, 9 (1), 661-667.
http://eprints.uad.ac.id/id/eprint/20080
Schaufeli, W. B., Martínez, I. M., Marques Pinto, A., Salanova, M., & Bakker, A. B. (2002). Burnout and engagement in university students: A cross-national study.
Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 33(5), 464–481.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0022022102033005003
Schleider, J. L., Burnette, J. L., Widman, L., Hoyt, C., & Prinstein, M. J. (2020). Randomized trial of a single-session growth mind-set intervention for rural adolescents' internalizing and externalizing problems. Journal of clinical child and adolescent psychology: Tthe official journal for the Society of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, American Psychological Association, Division 53, 49(5), 660–672. https://doi.org/10.1080/15374416.2019.1622123
Schroder, H. S., Yalch, M. M., Dawood, S., Callahan, C. P., Brent Donnellan, M., & Moser, J. S. (2017). Growth mindset of anxiety buffers the link between stressful life events and psychological distress and coping strategies.
Personality and Individual Differences, 110, 23–26.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2017.01.016
Shaw, L., Hansen, H. & St Clair-Thompson, H. (2023) Mental toughness is a mediator of the relationship between positive childhood experiences and wellbeing, European Journal of Developmental Psychology, 20(1), 130-146. DOI:10.1080/17405629.2022.2058485
Sheard, M., Golby, J., & van Wersch, A. (2009). Progress toward construct validity of the Sports Mental Toughness Questionnaire (SMTQ). European Journal of Psychological Assessment, 25, 186–193.
Shen, C., Miele, D. B., & Vasilyeva, M. (2016). The relation between college students’ academic mindsets and their persistence during math problem solving
. Psychology in Russia, State of the Art, 9(3), 38-56.
https://doi.org/10.11621/pir.2016.0303
Slivar, B. (2001). The syndrome of burn-out, selfimage, and anxiety with grammar school students. Horizons of Psychology, 10(2), 21-32.
St Clair-Thompson, H., & McGeown, S. (2019). Mental toughness in education. Oxford Research Encylopedia of Education, https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190264093.013.888
St Clair-Thompson, H., Bugler, M., Robinson, J., Clough, P., McGeown, S. P., & Perry, J. (2015). Mental toughness in education: Exploring relationships with attainment, attendance, behavior and peer relationships. Educational Psychology, 35(7), 886–907.https://doi.org/10.1080/01443410.2014.895294
St Clair-Thompson, H., Giles, R., McGeown, S. P., Putwain, D., Clough, P., & Perry, J. (2017). Mental toughness and transitions to high school and to undergraduate study.
Educational Psychology, 37(7), 792–809.
https://doi.org/10.1080/01443410.2016.1184746
Streiner, D. L., Norman, G. R., & Cairney J. (2015). Health measurement scales: A practical guide to their development and use (5th ed). United Kingdom: Oxford University Press.
Tang, X., Wang, M. T., Guo, J., & Salmela-Aro, K. (2019). Building grit: The longitudinal pathways between mindset, commitment, grit, and academic outcomes. Journal of youth and adolescence, 48(5), 850–863. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-019-00998-0
Turkington, G. D., Tinlin-Dixon, R., & St Clair-Thompson, H. (2023). A mixed-method exploration of mental toughness, perceived stress and quality of life in mental health workers.
Journal of psychiatric and mental health nursing, 30(6), 1152–1169.
https://doi.org/10.1111/jpm.12948
Turner, A. (2021). Mental toughness in an academic context: Conceptualisation, the Academic Mental Toughness Inventory (AMT) and predictability of academic achievement [Thesis], University of Adelaide, School of Psychology, https://hdl.handle.net/2440/133958
Walker, K. A., & Jiang, X. (2022). An examination of the moderating role of growth mindset in the relation between social stress and externalizing behaviors among adolescents.
Journal of adolescence, 94(1), 69–80.
https://doi.org/10.1002/jad.12006
Wheaton, B., Young, M., Montazer, S., & Stuart-Lahman, K. (2012). Social stress in the twenty-first century. In C. S. Aneshensel, J. C. Phelan, & A. Bierman (Eds.),
Handbook of the sociology of mental health. Handbooks of sociology and social Research (pp. 299–323). Springer.
https://doi:10.1007/978-94-007-4276-5_15
Wilson, C. L. (2015). The effect of implicit self- theories of intelligence on task persistence and performance in an adult sample:Ttest of a structural model [Doctoral Dissertation], Colorado State University
Xu H. (2022). Research on the relationship between college students' participation in sports activities and self-harmony assessment based on the moderating and mediating effects of mental toughness.
Frontiers in psychology, 13, 919247.
https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.919247
Xu, J., & Ba, Y. (2022). Coping with students' stress and burnout: Learners' ambiguity of tolerance. Frontiers in psychology, 13, 842113. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.842113
Yeager, D. S., & Dweck, C. S. (2012). Mindsets that promote resilience: When students believe that personal characteristics can be developed. Educational Psychologist, 47(4), 302–314.
Yeager, D. S., Hanselman, P., Walton, G. M., Murray, J. S., Crosnoe, R., Muller, C., Tipton, E., Schneider, B., Hulleman, C. S., Hinojosa, C. P., Paunesku, D., Romero, C., Flint, K., Roberts, A., Trott, J., Iachan, R., Buontempo, J., Yang, S. M., Carvalho, C. M., Hahn, P. R., … Dweck, C. S. (2019). A national experiment reveals where a growth mindset improves achievement.
Nature, 573(7774), 364–369.
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-019-1466-y
Yeager, D. S., Johnson, R., Spitzer, B. J., Trzesniewski, K. H., Powers, J., & Dweck, C. S. (2014). The far-reaching effects of believing people can change: Implicit theories of personality shape stress, health, and achievement during adolescence. Journal of personality and social psychology, 106(6), 867–884. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0036335
Yongmei, H., & Dan, W. (2022). The influence of academic stress on academic burnout among middle school students in guangdong. Advances in Social Sciences Research Journal, 9(9), 404–411. https://doi.org/10.14738/assrj.99.13113
Zeng, G., Hou, H., & Peng, K. (2016). Effect of growth mindset on school engagement and psychological well-being of chinese primary and middle school students: The mediating role of resilience. Frontiers in psychology, 7, 1873. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01873
Zuo, X., Zhao, L., Li, Y., He, W., Yu, C., & Wang, Z. (2024). Psychological mechanisms of English academic stress and academic burnout: The mediating role of rumination and moderating effect of neuroticism.
Frontiers in psychology, 15, 1309210.
https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1309210
Translation of Arabic References:
Abdel-Aal, A. H. A., & Othman, M. S. H. (2023). Modeling the relationship between cognitive agility, passion, and academic burnout among university students. Journal of the Faculty of Education, Tanta University, 89(8), 1331-1467.
Abdullah, A. A. A. (2017). Learning burnout and its relationship to academic procrastination among students of the faculty of education at Sohag University in light of the variables of gender and academic specialization. Educational Journal, Sohag University, 49, 233-281.
Abu Qura, K. Q. M. (2019). Modeling the causal relationships between academic burnout, academic procrastination, and metacognitive beliefs as a mediating variable for students of the Faculty of Education. Journal of the Faculty of Education, Kafr el Sheikh University, 19(1), 721– 788.
Al-Basir, N. A. M., & Irfan, A. A. M. (2022). Structural modeling of causal relationships between mindfulness, perceived academic stress, and cognitive failures among university students. Egyptian Journal of Psychological Studies, 32(117), 375- 450.
Al-Jarrah, A. N., & Al-Rabi, F. (2020). Academic passion and its relationship to academic burnout among Yarmouk University students. Jordanian Journal of Educational Sciences, 16(4), 519- 539.
Al-Laithi, A. H. M. (2020). Mental toughness and its relationship to academic motivation and stress coping methods for a sample of Helwan University students. Journal of Scientific Research in Education, Ain Shams Universit,. 21(6), 139-185.
Al-Sayed, F. A. (1978). Statistical psychology and measurement of the human mind. Cairo: Dar Al-Fikr Al-Arabi.
Amer, A. N. A. (2014).Structural equation modeling: Some methodological issues and recommendations. Egyptian Journal of Psychological Studies, 26(91), 37-58.
Amer, A. N. A. (2016). Exploratory structural equation modeling versus confirmatory factor analysis for the internal structure of achievement goals. Egyptian Journal of Psychological Studies, 24(83), 403-430.
Amer, A. N. A. (2021). Construction and validity of the academic stress scale in the e-learning environment for university students using exploratory structural equation modeling: A mixed methods study. Journal of Educational Studies and Research, 1(2), 66-87.
Harb, S. H. S. (2018). The structural model of the relationships between mental alertness and the satisfaction/frustration of basic psychological needs and flow and academic stress among university students. The Egyptian Journal of Psychological Studies, 28(99), 199 - 298.
Hassan, E. A. M. (2016). Psychological and educational statistics: Applications using SPSS 18. Cairo, Dar Al-Fikr Al-Arabi.
Ibrahim, R. M. E. (2021b). The relative contribution of positive thinking, cognitive flexibility, and academic stress to academic well-being among university students. The Egyptian Journal of Psychological Studies, 31(113), 249- 314.
Ibrahim, T. S. (2021a). Profiles of achievement goals orientations and their relationship to both academic merit and academic burnout among university students. Journal of Psychological Counseling, Center of Psychological Counseling, Ain Shams University, 68, 275- 358.
Ibrahim, T. S. (2023). Modeling the causal relationships between university affiliation and each of academic stress, cultural intelligence, and academic motivation among university students. Journal of the Faculty of Education in Psychological Sciences, Ain Shams University, 47(3), 63- 143.
Ismail, D. A. H. (2020). Academic emotional regulation strategies predicting academic burnout among university students. Journal of the Faculty of Education, Tanta University, 77(1), 174- 255.
Ismail, H. K. S. (2014). The effectiveness of selective counseling in reducing academic stress among female university students. Educational and Psychological Studies, Faculty of Education, Zagazig University, 83, 211- 277.
Jaber, M. M. B. (2021). The relative contribution of psychological capital and academic burnout in predicting academic integration among university students. Journal of the Faculty of Education, Bani Suwayf, 18(105), 1- 40.
Jabr, B. S., & Jassam, S. A. (2021). The Learning Burnout of University Students. Faculty of Education Journal, Mustansiriyah University,4, 375-390.
Mahasneh, A, A., & Al-Azamat, O. A. (2022). Academic burnout and its relationship to self-regulation and emotional regulation among Hashemite University students. Jordanian Journal of Educational Sciences, 18(2), 217-242.
Mahasneh, A. M., Ghazou, A. M., & Al-Azamat, O. A. (2021). Academic toughness and its relationship to academic stress and academic achievement among Hashemite University students. Journal of Al-Quds Open University for Educational and Psychological Research and Studies, 12(35), 42-59.
Muawad, R. A. M., & Al-Subaie, R. S. (2018). Academic stress and depression among female students in the humanities colleges at King Saud University: A comparative study. Journal of Educational and Psychological Sciences, Scientific Publishing Center, Bahrain University, 19(3), 165-189.
Nasr, E.F.K., Abo El-noor, M.A., & Halil, M.M.H. (2023). Academic burnout among university students in the light of some demographic variables. The Journal of Fayoum University for psychological and educational sciences, 17(3), 506- 550.