Effectiveness of a Training Program Based on the Principles of Early Start Denver Model on Increasing Language Development in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder

Document Type : Original Article

Author

Department of Speech and Language Disorders, Faculty of Special Needs Sciences, Beni-Suif University, Egypt

Abstract

The current research aimed at increasing language development in children with autism spectrum disorder through an early intervention program based on Denver Early Intervention Model. A sample of (5) children with autism spectrum disorder (4 males, 1 female) participated as one group, aged (3-5) years, with an average age (4. 8) with SD (8.9), (4) males and (1) female children, with (55-70) IQ with an average (63.8), and SD (5.6), using semi-experimental approach with one group design. To verify the research aim, the researcher translated and standardized language development scale for children with autism spectrum disorder and prepared a program based on Denver model for early intervention for children with autism spectrum disorder by the researcher- made. The results showed that there was a significant statistically differences at (0.05) in post assessment after graduation from the early intervention program based on Denver model on increasing language development (language, connected speech, interpersonal social relations, fluency, voice, and articulation dimensions) in children with autism spectrum disorder in favor of post assessment.

Keywords

Main Subjects


English References:
Abouzeid, N., Rivard, M., Mello, C., Mestari, Z., Boulé, M., & Guay, C. (2020). Parent coaching intervention program based on the Early Start Denver Model for children with autism spectrum disorder: Feasibility and acceptability study. Research in developmental disabilities, 105, 103747. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ridd.2020.103747
Ahadi, H., Mokhlesin, M., & Mahmoodi-Bakhtiari, B. (2016). Pattern of syntactic profile in children with autism: A study on the relation between reception and expression of syntax. Journal of Modern Rehabilitation, 10(3), 98-103.
Akemoglu, Y., & Tomeny, K. R. (2021). A Parent-Implemented Shared-Reading Intervention to Promote Communication Skills of Preschoolers with Autism Spectrum Disorder. Journal of Autism & Developmental Disorders51(8), 2974–2987. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-020-04757-0
American Psychiatric Association (APA) (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.
Aravamudhan, S., & Awasthi, S. (2020). Behavioral interventions to treat speech sound disorders in children with autism. Behavior Analysis in Practice, 13(1), 174-185.‏
Baio, J., Wiggins, L., Christensen, D. L., Maenner, M. J., Daniels, J., Warren, Z., Durkin, M. S. (2018). Prevalence of autism spectrum disorder among children aged 8 years—Autism and Developmental Disabilities. Monitoring Network, 11 Sites, United States, 2014. MMWR Surveillance Summaries, 67(6), 1–23.
Baron-Cohen, S., Lombardo, M. V., Auyeung, B., Ashwin, E., Chakrabarti, B., & Knickmeyer, R. (2011). Why are autism spectrum conditions more prevalent in males? PLoS biology9(6), e1001081.‏
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). (2014). Prevalence of autism spectrum disorder among children aged 8 years – autism and developmental disabilities monitoring network, 11 sites, United States. MMWR Surveill Summ; 63(2): 1-21.
Clark-Whitney, E., Klein, C. B., Hadley, P. A., Lord, C., & So Hyun Kim. (2022). Caregiver Language Input Supports Sentence Diversity in Young Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder. Journal of Speech, Language & Hearing Research65(4), 1465–1477. https://doi.org/10.1044/2021_JSLHR-21-00458
Contaldo, A., Colombi, C., Pierotti, C., Masoni, P., & Muratori, F. (2020). Outcomes and moderators of Early Start Denver Model intervention in young children with autism spectrum disorder delivered in a mixed individual and group setting. Autism, 24(3), 718-729.‏
Dawson, G. (2008). Early behavioral intervention, brain plasticity, and the prevention of autism spectrum disorder. Development and psychopathology20(3), 775-803.‏
DePape A. M. & Lindsay, S. (2014). Parents’ Experiences of Caring for a Child with Autism Spectrum Disorder. Qualitative Health Research J; 25(1): 569-83.
Devescovi, R., Monasta, L., Mancini, A., Bin, M., Vellante, V., Carrozzi, M., & Colombi, C. (2016). Early diagnosis and Early Start Denver Model intervention in autism spectrum disorders delivered in an Italian Public Health System service. Neuropsychiatric disease and treatment, 1379-1384.‏
Diehl J.J., Bennetto L., Watson D., Gunlogson C., &McDonough J. (2008). Resolving ambiguity: A psycholinguistic approach to understanding prosody processing in high-functioning autism. Brain Language, 106: 144-152.
Eapen, V., Crncec, R., & Walter, A. (2016). There are gains, but can we tell for whom and why? predictors of treatment response following group early start denver model intervention in preschool-aged children with autism spectrum disorder. Autism Open Access, 6(168), 1-11.‏
Edelman, C., & Kudzma, E. C. (2021). Health promotion throughout the life span-e-book. Elsevier Health Sciences.‏
Eigsti, I. M., Bennetto, L., & Dadlani, M. B. (2007). Beyond pragmatics: Morphosyntactic development in autism. Journal of autism and developmental disorders37, 1007-1023.‏
Eigsti, I. M., de Marchena, A. B., Schuh, J. M., & Kelley, E. (2011). Language acquisition in autism spectrum disorders: A developmental review. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders5(2), 681-691.‏
Eigsti, I. M., de Marchena, A. B., Schuh, J. M., & Kelley, E. (2011). Language acquisition in autism spectrum disorders: A developmental review. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 5(2), 681-691.
Flippin, M. (2022). Communication Breakdowns and Repairs of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder with Fathers and Mothers. International Journal of Disability, Development & Education, 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1080/1034912x.2022.2146069
Flippin, M., & Watson, L. R. (2018). Parental broad autism phenotype and the language skills of children with autism spectrum disorder. Journal of autism and developmental disorders, 48, 1895-1907.‏
Fox, S. A. (2017). An Early Start Denver Model-Based Group Intervention for Parents of Very Young Children Diagnosed with or at Risk for Autism Spectrum Disorder (Doctoral dissertation, University at Albany. Department of Psychology).‏
Fuller, E. A.; Oliver, K.; Vejnoska, S. F.; & Rogers, S. J. (2020). The Effects of the Early Start Denver Model for Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Meta-Analysis. Brain Sciences, 10 (6): 368. doi:10.3390/brainsci10060368. ISSN 2076-3425. PMC7349854.PMID 32545615.
Fusaroli, R., Weed, E., Fein, D., & Naigles, L. (2019). Hearing me hearing you: Reciprocal effects between child and parent language in autism and typical development. Cognition, 183, 1-18.‏
Gilhuber, C. S., Raulston, T. J., & Galley, K. (2023). Language and communication skills in multilingual children on the autism spectrum: A systematic review. Autism, 13623613221147780.‏
Godel, M., Robain, F., Kojovic, N., Franchini, M., Wood de Wilde, H., & Schaer, M. (2021). Distinct patterns of treatment response using the Early Start Denver Model with young children with autism spectrum disorder: a cluster analysis. medRxiv.
Hebbali, Y. (2019). Language Development in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder: Case Study of Two Mental Disabilities Centers in Tlemcen. Doctoral dissertation.‏
Hudry, K., Leadbitter, K., Temple, K., Slonims, V., McConachie, H., Aldred, C., ... & Pact Consortium. (2010). Preschoolers with autism show greater impairment in receptive compared with expressive language abilities. International journal of language & communication disorders45(6), 681-690.‏
Ibrahim, R; Mutlak, R & Shany, M (2016). How does Diglossia in Arabic affect the development of morphological knowledge throughout elementary schools? The Edmond J. Safra Brain Research Center and the Learning Disabilities Department, University of Haifa, Journal of Advances in Linguistics, Vol.5, No 2, PP. 738-750.
Ibrahimagic, A., Patkovic, N., Radic, B., & Hadzic, S. (2021). Communication and Language Skills of Autistic Spectrum Disorders in Children and Their Parents’ Emotions. Materia Socio-medica33(4), 250.‏
Ismail R A. (2013). A study of serum interleukin 12 in a sample of autistic children in Egypt. Unpublished Master Thesis. Faculty of Medicine. Alexandria University.
Kamei A. (2013). Perception and experiences of mothers who have children with autism spectrum disorder. Published Doctoral Thesis. Faculty of the Graduates school. University of North Carolina.
Kasari, C. (2002). Assessing change in early intervention programs for children with autism. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 32(5), 447-461.
Kim, S.H., Paul, R., Tager-Flusberg, H., & Lord, C. (2014). Language and communication in autism. In F. Volkmar, R. Paul, & A. Klin (Eds.), Handbook on autism and pervasive developmental disorders (3rd ed., pp. 230-262). New York: Wiley.
Kirk S, Galloghor J and Coleman M R (2014). Educating exceptional children.14th ed .Cengage learning, United State of America.
Kwok, E. Y., Brown, H. M., Smyth, R. E., & Cardy, J. O. (2015). Meta-analysis of receptive and expressive language skills in autism spectrum disorder. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders9, 202-222.
Laister, D., Stammler, M., Vivanti, G., & Holzinger, D. (2021). Social-communicative gestures at baseline predict verbal and nonverbal gains for children with autism receiving the Early Start Denver Model. Autism, 25(6), 1640-1652.‏
Le Normand, M. T., Blanc, R., Caldani, S., & Bonnet-Brilhault, F. (2018). Disrupted behaviour in grammatical morphology in French speakers with autism spectrum disorders. Clinical linguistics & phonetics, 32(8), 706-720.
Lim, H. A., Ellis, E. M., & Sonnenschein, D. (2022). Effect of Sing and Speak 4 Kids: An Online Music-Based Speech and Language Learning Game for Children in Early Intervention. Child Language Teaching & Therapy38(2), 180–196. https://doi.org/10.1177/02656590221080308.
Lobban-Shymko, J., Im-Bolter, N., & Freeman, N. (2017). Early social communicative skills as predictors of symptom severity in autism spectrum disorder. Autism & Developmental Language Impairments, 2, 1-11.
Lotfy, O. M., Azzam, A. A., Khattab, A. N., & El-Sady, S. R. (2018). Syntactic profile in children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD). The Egyptian Journal of Hospital Medicine73(1), 5783-5787.‏
Maia, E. M. B., Mota, S. M. S., da Silva, R. M. M., Silva-Sobrinho, R. A., & Zilly, A. (2023). Development of an animated infographic about autistic spectrum disorder. In Neural Engineering Techniques for Autism Spectrum Disorder, Volume 2 (pp. 239-252). Academic Press.‏
Markfeld, J. E., Feldman, J. I., Bordman, S. L., Daly, C., Santapuram, P., Humphreys, K. L., Keçeli-Kaysılı, B., & Woynaroski, T. G. (2023). Associations Between Caregiver Stress and Language Outcomes in Infants With Autistic and Non-Autistic Siblings: An Exploratory Study. Journal of Speech, Language & Hearing Research66(1), 190–205. https://doi.org/10.1044/2022_JSLHR-22-00154
McDaniel, J., Brady, N. C., & Warren, S. F. (2022). Effectiveness of Responsivity Intervention Strategies on Prelinguistic and Language Outcomes for Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Group and Single Case Studies. Journal of Autism & Developmental Disorders52(11), 4783–4816. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-021-05331-y
Meguid, N. A., Nashaat, N. H., Ghannoum, H., Hashem, H. S., Hussein, G., & El-Saied, A. (2023). Prevalence of autism spectrum disorder among children referred to special needs clinic in Giza. The Egyptian Journal of Otolaryngology, 39(1), 27.‏
Mendoza R. (2010). The Economics of Autism in Egypt. American Journal of Economics and Business Administration; 2(1): 12-19.
Mostafa, G. A. & Shehab A. A. (2010). The link of C4B null allele to autism and to a family history of autoimmunity in Egyptian autistics children. Journal of neuroimmunol; 223(1-2): 115-119.
O’Shea, A., Holmes, C. H., & Engelhardt, P. E. (2023). A Parental-Report Questionnaire for Language Abilities and Pragmatics in Children and Adolescents with Autism Spectrum Disorders. Brain Sciences13(2), 196.‏
Omar M. (2014). Early intervention services as perceived by parents of children with autism in Egypt and Saudi Arabia. The International Interdisciplinary Journal of Education; 3(1): 238-49.
Omnya, L., Azza, A., Ahmed, K., & Safaa, E. S. (2018). Syntactic profile in children with autism spectrum disorders. The Egyptian. J Hosp Med 73(1):5783–578.
Oren, A., Dromi, E., Goldberg, S., & Mimouni-Bloch, A. (2021). Pragmatic profiles of toddlers with autism spectrum disorder at the onset of speech. Frontiers in Neurology, 11, 612314.‏
Ozonoff, S., Young, G. S., Carter, A., Messinger, D., Yirmiya, N., Zwaigenbaum, L., ... & Stone, W. L. (2011). Recurrence risk for autism spectrum disorders: A Baby Siblings Research Consortium study. Pediatrics, 128(3), 488-495.
Park, C. J., Yelland, G. W., Taffe, J. R., & Gray, K. M. (2012). Morphological and syntactic skills in language samples of preschool aged children with autism: atypical development? International Journal of Speech-Language Pathology14(2), 95-108.‏
Perovic, A., Modyanova, N., & Wexler, K. (2013). Comprehension of reflexive and personal pronouns in children with autism: A syntactic or pragmatic deficit? Applied Psycholinguistics34(4), 813-835.‏
Prata J, Lawson W and Coelho R. (2018). Parent training for parents of children on the autism spectrum: a review. International Journal of Clinical Neurosciences and Mental Health; 5(3):1-8.
Princiotta, D., & Goldstein, S. (2013). Early start Denver model: an intervention for young children with autism spectrum disorders. Interventions for autism spectrum disorders: Translating science into practice, 59-73.‏
Ramaa. S. (2018). Receptive and expressive language difficulties and differences among individuals with autism spectrum disorders. 10.13140/RG.2.2.21733.70887.
Rapin, I., Dunn, M. A., Allen, D. A., Stevens, M. C., & Fein, D. (2009). Subtypes of language disorders in school-age children with autism. Developmental Neuropsychology, 34(1), 66-84.
Reindal, L., Nærland, T., Weidle, B., Lydersen, S., Andreassen, O. A., & Sund, A. M. (2021). Structural and pragmatic language impairments in children evaluated for autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 1-19.‏
Roberts J.M. (2014). Echolalia and language development in children with ASD. Communication Autism, 11:55-74.
Rodriguez, J. (2019). Language Development and Autism Spectrum Disorder. https://www.researchgate.net/institution/Post_University
Rogers, S. J., & Dawson, G. (2010). Early Start Denver Model for young children with autism: Promoting language, learning, and engagement. New York, NY: Guilford Press.
Rogers, S. J., & Dawson, G. (2012). An Overview of the Early Start Denver Model. New York: Guilford Publications.
Rogers, S. J., & Dawson, G. (2020). Early Start Denver Model for young children with autism: Promoting language, learning, and engagement. Guilford Publications.‏
Rogers, S. J., Dawson, G., & Vismara, L. A. (2012). An early start for your child with autism: Using everyday activities to help kids connect, communicate, and learn. Guilford Press.‏
Rogers, S. J., Estes, A., Lord, C., Vismara, L., Winter, J., Fitzpatrick, A., & Dawson, G. (2012). Effects of a brief Early Start Denver Model (ESDM)–based parent intervention on toddlers at risk for autism spectrum disorders: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 51(10), 1052-1065.‏
Rogers, S. J., Vismara, L. A., & Dawson, G. (2021). Coaching parents of young children with autism: Promoting connection, communication, and learning. The Guilford Press.
Rogers, S. J., Vismara, L. A., and Dawson, G. (2021). Coaching parents of young children with autism: Promoting connection, communication, and learning. NY: Guilford Press.  
Rogers, S., & Dawson, G. (2010). An Overview of the Early Start Denver Model. Early Start Denver Model for young children with autism: Promoting language, learning, and engagement.‏
Rudd, K., & Kocisko, D. (2013). Pediatric nursing: the critical components of nursing care. FA Davis.‏
Ryberg, K. H. (2015). Evidence for the implementation of the Early Start Denver Model for young children with autism spectrum disorder. Journal of the American Psychiatric Nurses Association, 21(5), 327-337.‏
Sandbank, M., Bottema-Beutel, K., Crowley, S., Cassidy, M., Feldman, J. I., Canihuante, M., & Woynaroski, T. (2020). Intervention Effects on Language in Children With Autism: A Project AIM Meta-Analysis. Journal of Speech, Language & Hearing Research63(5), 1537–1560. https://doi.org/10.1044/2020_JSLHR-19-00167
Santrock J W. (2011). Child Development. Tata Mc Graw Hill Edition (13) New Delhi.
Selimoğlu, Ö. G., & Özdemir, S. (2018). Etkileşim Temelli Erken Çocuklukta Müdahale Programı'nın (ETEÇOM) Otizm Spektrum Bozukluğu sergileyen çocukların sosyal etkileşim becerileri üzerindeki etkililiği. (The Efficacy of Responsive Teaching (RT) Program on social interaction skills of children with autism spectrum disorder) Erken Çocukluk Çalışmaları Dergisi, 2(3), 514-555.
Selzer, O. (2013). Language development in children with autism spectrum disorders. GRIN Verlag.‏
Sinai-Gavrilov, Y., Gev, T., Mor-Snir, I., Vivanti, G., & Golan, O. (2020). Integrating the Early Start Denver Model into Israeli community autism spectrum disorder preschools: Effectiveness and treatment response predictors. Autism24(8), 2081-2093.‏
Stern, Y. S., Maltman, N., & Roberts, M. Y. (2017). The Influence of Maternal Pragmatics on the Language Skills of Children with Autism. Journal of developmental and behavioral pediatrics: JDBP38(5), 339–344. https://doi.org/10.1097/DBP.0000000000000445,
Sullivan, K. A. (2013). The Early Start Denver Model: outcomes and moderators of an intervention for toddlers with autism. University of Washington (Doctoral dissertation).‏
Tateno, Y., Kahoru Kumagai, K., Monden, R., Nanba, K., Yano, A., Shiraishi, E., Alan R., & Masaru Tateno, M. (2021). The Efficacy of Early Start Denver Model Intervention in Young Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder within Japan: A Preliminary Study. J Korean Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2021;32(1):35-40. https://doi.org/10.5765/jkacap.200040
Tepeli, Y., & Karadeniz, H. K. (2013). Otizmli ve normal gelişim gösteren çocukların alıcı dil becerilerinin farklı değişkenler açısından incelenmesi. (Analysis of Receptive Language Skills of Children with Autism and Normal Development from the Point of Different Variables). Dil ve Edebiyat Eğitimi Dergisi, 1, 73-89.
Touzet, S., Occelli, P., Schröder, C., Manificat, S., Gicquel, L., Stanciu, R., ... & Geoffray, M. M. (2017). Impact of the Early Start Denver Model on the cognitive level of children with autism spectrum disorder: study protocol for a randomised controlled trial using a two-stage Zelen design. BMJ open, 7(3), e014730.‏
Touzet, S., Occelli, P., Schröder, C., Manificat, S., Gicquel, L., Stanciu, R., Schaer, M., Oreve, M. J., Speranza, M., Denis, A., Zelmar, A., Falissard, B., Georgieff, N., Bahrami, S., Geoffray, M. M., & IDEA Study Group (2017). Impact of the Early Start Denver Model on the cognitive level of children with autism spectrum disorder: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial using a two-stage Zelen design. BMJ open, 7(3), e014730. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2016-014730.
Towle, P. O. B. (2013). The early identification of autism spectrum disorders: A visual guide. Philadelphia, PA: Jessica Kingsley Publishers.
US Department of Health and Human Services. (2017). Autism spectrum disorder: communication problems in children. National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders [NIDCD].‏
Vaiouli, P., & Andreou, G. (2018). Communication and language development of young children with autism: A review of research in music. Communication Disorders Quarterly, 39(2), 323-329.‏
Van Noorden, L., Waddington, H., van der Meer, L., & Tupou, J. (2020). Peer-mediated Early Start Denver Model “playdates” for a young child with autism spectrum disorder: A case study. Research and Practice in Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities, 7(2), 154-166.‏
Vivanti, G., & Stahmer, A. C. (2020). Can the Early Start Denver Model Be Considered ABA Practice?. Behavior analysis in practice14(1), 230–239. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40617-020-00474-3.
Vivanti, G., & Zhong, H. N. (2020). Naturalistic developmental behavioral interventions for children with autism. In G. Vivanti, K. Bottema-Beutel, & L. Turner-Brown (Eds), Clinical guide to early interventions for children with autism, 93-130.‏
Vivanti, G., Duncan, E., Dawson, G., Rogers, S. J., Vivanti, G., Zierhut, C., & Rogers, S. J. (2017). The Group-Based Early Start Denver Model: Origins, Principles, and Strategies. Implementing the Group-Based Early Start Denver Model for Preschoolers with Autism, 13-30.‏
Vivanti, G., Paynter, J., Duncan, E., Fothergill, H., Dissanayake, C., Rogers, S. J., & Victorian ASELCC Team. (2014). Effectiveness and feasibility of the Early Start Denver Model implemented in a group-based community childcare setting. Journal of autism and developmental disorders44, 3140-3153.‏
Vivanti, G.; & Stahmer, A. C. (2021). Can the Early Start Denver Model Be Considered ABA Practice? Behavior Analysis in Practice, 14 (1): 230–239. doi:10.1007/s40617-020-00474-3. ISSN 1998-1929. PMC 7900312. PMID 33732593.
Waddington, H., van der Meer, L., & Sigafoos, J. (2016). Effectiveness of the Early Start Denver Model: a systematic review. Review Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 3, 93-106.‏
Waddington, H., van der Meer, L., & Sigafoos, J. (2021). Supporting parents in the use of the early start Denver model as an intervention program for their young children with autism spectrum disorder. International Journal of Developmental Disabilities, 67(1), 23-36.‏
Waddington, H., van der Meer, L., Sigafoos, J., & Ogilvie, E. (2020). Evaluation of a low-intensity version of the early start Denver model with four preschool-aged boys with autism spectrum disorder. International Journal of Developmental Disabilities, 66(4), 257-269.‏
Waddington, H., van der Meer, L., Sigafoos, J., & Whitehouse, A. (2020). Examining parent use of specific intervention techniques during a 12-week training program based on the Early Start Denver Model. Autism: The International Journal of Research & Practice24(2), 484–498. https://doi.org/10.1177/1362361319876495.
Walenski, M., Mostofsky, S. H., & Ullman, M. T. (2014). Inflectional morphology in high-functioning autism: Evidence for speeded grammatical processing. Research in autism spectrum disorders8(11), 1607-1621.‏
Wang, Z.; Loh, S. C.; Tian, J.; & Chen, Q. J. (2022). A meta-analysis of the effect of the Early Start Denver Model in children with autism spectrum disorder". International Journal of Developmental Disabilities, 68 (5): 587–597. doi:10.1080/20473869.2020.1870419. ISSN 2047-3877. PMC 9542560. PMID 36210899.
Weiss J, Wingsiong A and Lunsky Y (2014). Defining crisis in families of individuals with autism spectrum disorders. J Autism; 18(1): 985-95.
Wolk, L.; Edwards, M. L.; Brennan, C. (2016). Phonological difficulties in children with autism: An overview. Speech, Language and Hearing, (), 160204020132009–. doi:10.1080/2050571x.2015.1133488 
Zaki R A and Moawad G E (2016). Influence of autism awareness on psychological wellbeing of mothers caring for their children with autism. Journal of nursing education and practice; 6(9): 90-100.
Zhang, H. (2016). Concurrent and longitudinal effects of morphological awareness on reading comprehension among Chinese-speaking children. Reading Psychology, vol 37, No (6), 867-884.
Zhang, P. (2019). Application of Family Rehabilitation Nursing in the Recovery and Treatment of Social Communication Disorders in Children with Autism. In proc. International Conf. Bio. Chem and Medic. Eng. (pp. 52-57).‏
Zhou, P., Crain, S., Gao, L., Tang, Y., & Jia, M. (2015). The use of grammatical morphemes by Mandarin-speaking children with high functioning autism. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders45, 1428-1436.‏
Zimmerman, I. L., Steiner, V. G., & Pond, R. E. (2012). PLS-5: Preschool Language Scale-5 Screening Test [Measurement instrument]. San Antonio, TX: Psychological Corporation.
Translation of Arabic References:
Abdel Aziz Al-Sayed Al-Shakhs, and Elsayed Yassin Al-Tohamy (2014). A measure of the level of language development for children. Cairo: The Anglo-Egyptian Library.
Abdul Aziz Al-Sayed Al-Shakhs, Al-Shaima Mohamed Al-Wakeel (2019). Educational and therapeutic programs for autism, Cairo: Al-Fayrouz Library.
Abdul Rahman Sayed Suleiman (2017). The Denver Intervention Model as a model for children with autism at home. Journal of Psychological Counseling Center, Ain Shams University, (49), 195-213.
Adel Abdullah Mohamed (2011). An introduction to autism and behavioral and emotional disorders. Extraordinary series. The sixth part, Cairo, Dar Al-Rashad for publication and distribution.
Adel Abdullah Mohamed (2015). Methods of diagnosing and evaluating autism. Riyadh: Dar Al-Zahraa.
Ahmed Atef Azazzy (2020). Effectiveness of a program based on Denver Early Intervention Model strategies in developing some independence skills among children with autism disorder. Journal of the Faculty of Education, Benha University, 31 (123) 1- 54.
Ahmed Mohamed Ali Rashwan (2017). Developing some life skills in Arabic language for children with autism using a program based on language activities. Journal of the Faculty of Education, Assiut University, (33), (2), pp. 125-153.
Attia Attia Mohamed, Shireen Mohamed Ayoub (2022). Vestibular system disorders and its relationship to language development in children with autism disorder. Journal of Special Education, 39, 77-117.
Ellie Olivia Johnson (2019). A Parent's Guide to In-Home Applied Behavior Analysis Programs: Frequently Asked Questions about Applied Behavior Analysis for Your Child with Autism. (Translated by Ahmed Omar, Mai Mahmoud). Itrac for publishing and distribution.
Mohamed Mahjoub Ahmed (2019). Psychotherapy for autistic children and their families. Cairo: Dar Al-Fajr.
Osama Farouk Mustafa, Al-Sayed Kamel El-Sherbiny (2014). Autism: Causes - Diagnosis - Treatment". 2nd edition, Amman: Jordan, Dar Al Masirah for publishing, distribution and printing.