Internationalization of Egyptian universities as an approach to develop its policies in attracting international students in light of the experiences of China and Malaysia

Document Type : Original Article

Author

Associate Professor of Foundations of Education And acting head of the Department of Foundations of Education Faculty of Education, Port Said University, Egypt.

Abstract

Different countries are keen to encourage their universities to reach out to the international community through internationalization processes, which have become an essential component of the universities' strategic plans. The internationalization of university education was based mainly on the international mobility of students, by activating the role of universities in developing their academic programs to help international students acquire international skills and diverse cultures, thus contributing to increasing students' awareness of global issues, international overlap and the ability to shape the future world and the future of the world. The aim of this research is to develop a proposed model to help Egyptian universities to develop their policies to attract more international students and raise their ratio to local students in the light of benefiting from the experiences of China and Malaysia. The researcher also used the descriptive approach because of its suitability to the nature of the objective of the research, where the researcher identified what the internationalization of universities is and the foundations on which it is based, and monitoring the experiences of Chinese and Malaysian universities in internationalizing universities and developing their policies to attract international students analyzing the policies, In addition to analyzing the policies and efforts of Egyptian universities in the direction of internationalization and increasing the rates of enrollment of international students in them, and finally setting up the proposed model for developing the policies of Egyptian universities to increase the number of international students in the light of the experiences of China and Malaysia.

Keywords

Main Subjects


ʻAbd al-Ḥāfiẓ, Tharwat. (2016). Al-Ittijāhāt Al-Hadīthah fī Tadwīl Al-Taʻlīm Al-Jāmiʻī wa-Imkānīyat Al-Ifādah Minhā fī Miṣr. Education Journal, Faculty of Education, Al-Azhar University, Issue 167, Part 1, January, 11-104.
Aldjdj, ʻĀʼishah. (2016). Taṣawwur Muqtaraḥ ltdwyl Al-Taʻlīm Al-Jāmiʻī Al-Miṣrī fī Dawʼ Al-Maʻāyīr Al-ʻĀlamīyah ltṣnyf Al-Jāmiʻāt. Journal of the Faculty of Education, Benha University, Vol. 27, Issue 109, October, 453-540.
Al-Ḥabashī, Shaymāʼ. (2019). Ruʼyah Muqtaraḥah li-tafʻīl Altwʼmh ka-aḥad ṣiyagh Tadwīl Al-Taʻlīm Al-Jāmiʻī Al-Miṣrī : Dirāsah Taḥlīlīyah. Journal of Educational and Social Studies, Vol. 25, Issue 9, Faculty of Education, Helwan University, September, 305-393.
Ali  , Faizan ; Zhou , Yuan ; Hussain , Kashif ; Ragavan , Neethiahnanthan Ari and Nair , Pradeep Kumar.(2016). Does higher education service quality effect student satisfaction, image and loyalty? A study of international students in Malaysian public universities. Quality Assurance in Education , Vol. 24 No. 1, 2016 . pp. 70-94.
Arab Republic of Egypt. (2015). Istirātījīyah Al-Tanmiyah Al-Mustadāmah, Ruʼyah Miṣr 2030. Available at the following link.
Al-Rūbī, Ḥanān. (2019). Bi-ʻunwān Tadwīl Al-Taʻlīm Al-ʻĀlī ka-Madkhal li-Taʻzīz Al-Qūwah Al-Nāʻimah li-Miṣr fī Dawʼ Baʻḍ Al-khibrāt Al-ʻĀlamīyah. Journal of Arab Studies in Education and Psychology, No. 112, League of Arab Educators, Aug. 239-407.
Ann Rosnida Deni ,  Annyza Tumar , Ann-Marie Houghton and Glenda Marian Crosling. (2021). Is all well? Academically successful international students in Malaysia. International Journal of Educational Management , Vol. 35 No. 3, pp. 655-667
Aydın , Oya Tamtekin .(2013). Location as a Competitive Advantage to Attract Students: An Empirical Study from a Turkish Foundation University , International Review of Management and Marketing , Vol. 3, No. 4, 2013, pp.204-211.
Barton, Jylz. (2006). Al-ʻawlamah wa-Al-taʻlīm Al-Jāmiʻī : Al-maḍāmīn – Al-mustaqbal – Dirāsāt ḥālat. Tarjamat Al-Sayyid Albhwāshá wa-ākharīn. ʻĀlam al-Kutub, al-Qāhirah.
Biney  , Peter Agyeman and Cheng , Mei-Ying.(2021). International Students’ Decision to Study in China: A Study of Some Selected International Students from Universities in China. Open Journal of Social Sciences, 9, 305-325.
 Center for Information and Decision Support. (2022). Al-Tanmiyah Al-Basharīyah, Qiṭāʻ Al-Taʻlīm al-ʻĀlī wa-Al-Baḥth Al-ʻIlmī, Egyptian Cabinet, Jan. Available at the following link :
Central Agency for Public Mobilization and Statistics. (2021). Al-Nashrah Alsnwyt-Al-Tullāb Almqydwn – Aʻḍāʼ Hayʼat Al-tadrīs lil-taʻlīm Al-ʻĀlī (2020/2021). Arab Republic of Egypt, October, available at the following link:
Chang Da Wan and Doria Abdullah.(2021). Internationalisation of Malaysian higher education: policies, practices and the SDGs. International Journal of Comparative Education and Development , Vol. 23 No. 3, pp. 212-226
Chelliah, Shankar ; Jamal Khan, Mohammad ; Krishnan, Thilagavathy ; Kamarulzaman , Muhammad Erzat Bin Md and Goh , Ning Ee. (2019).  Factors influencing satisfaction and revisit intention among international exchange students in Malaysia, Journal of International Education in Business , Vol. 12 No. 1, pp. 111-130
Chelliah, Shankar ; Khan, Mohammad Jamal ; Krishnan,Thilagavathy ; Kamarulzaman , Muhammad Erzat Bin Md and Goh, Ning Ee. (2019). Factors influencing satisfaction and revisit intention among international exchange students in Malaysia, Journal of International Education in Business , Vol. 12 , No. 1, 111-130
Faizan Ali  , Yuan Zhou , Kashif Hussain , Neethiahnanthan Ari Ragavan and Pradeep Kumar Nair.(2016). Does higher education service quality effect student satisfaction, image and loyalty? A study of international students in Malaysian public universities. Quality Assurance in Education , Vol. 24 No. 1, 2016 . pp. 70-94
Frank Okai Larbi and Wangqian Fu (2017) Practices and challenges of internationalization of higher education in China; international students’ perspective A case study of Beijing Normal University , International Journal of Comparative Education and Development , Vol. 19 No. 2/3, pp. 78-96.
Gebregergis  , Werede Tareke ; Huang , Fei and Hong , Jianzhong.(2020). The impact of emotional intelligence on depression among international students studying in China: The mediating effect of acculturative stress. International Journal of Intercultural Relations 79 ,  82–93
Giesecke, James.(2004). Foreign Students and Regional Economies: A Multiregional General Equilibrium Analysis, Australasian Journal of Regional Studies, Vol. 10, No. 1, 3-28.
Ḥāmid, Najlāʼ. (2012). Al-Taʻlīm al-Jāmiʻī Al-Miṣrī wa-Al-tanāfusīyah Al-ʻĀlamīyah, Al-Taḥaddiyāt wa-Al-Furaṣ – Dirāsah Taṭbīqīyah ʻalá Al-Tullāb Al-Wāfidīn bi-Maʻhad Al-Dirāsāt Al-Tarbawīyah bi-Jāmiʻat al-Qāhirah. The Future of Arab Education Journal, Vol. 19, Issue 75, Arab Center for Education and Development, 277-400.
Hilāl, Nājī wnṣār, ʻAlī. (2012). Tadwīl Al-Taʻlīm Al-Jāmiʻī Al-Miṣrī ʻalá Dawʼ Taḥaddiyāt Al-ʻAwlamah Ruʼyah Mustaqbalīyah. The Future of Arab Education Journal, Vol.19, Issue 77, Arab Center for Education and Development, April, 185-316.
Ḥusayn, Najāḥ. (2019). Juhūd Al-Munaẓẓamāt Al-Dawlīyah fī Tadwīl Al-Taʻlīm Al-Jāmiʻī wa-Imkānīyat al-Ifādah minhā bi-Miṣr Taṣawwur Muqtaraḥ. The Future of Arab Education Journal, The Arab Center for Education and Development, Vol.  26, Issue 118, April, 83-166.
Information General Association. (2020). Qāʼimah furūʻ al-jāmiʻāt al-ajnabīyah al-muʻtamadah bi-Miṣr wa al-Munshaʼah bātfāfyāt dawlīyah. Media center of the Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research. Available at the following link :
https://www.sis.gov.eg/Story/212738/%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%85%D8%A9-%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%AF%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%B1-%D9%88-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%86%D8%B4%D8%A3%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%81%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9?lang=ar
Jasvir Kaur Nachatar Singh , Hazri Jamil.(2021). International education and meaningful contributions to society: Exploration of postgraduate international students’ perspectives studying.  International Journal of Educational Development in a Malaysian research university, Vol.81 ,1-9
John Adams and Hongli Song (2009) ; Key developments and future challenges in Chinese-foreign cooperation in higher education , Journal of Knowledge-based Innovation in China , Vol. 1 , No. 3, 2009 , p.187.
John N. Hawkins , W. James Jacob & LI Wenli (2009) ; Higher Education in China: Access, Equity and Equality , In book titled as Inequality in Education: Comparative and International Perspectives , Edited by D.B. Holsinger and W.J. Jacob ,  Comparative Education Research Centre.
Khāṭir, Muḥammad. (2015). Tadwīl Al-Taʻlīm, Aḥad Madākhil Taḥqīq Almyzh Al-Tanāfusīyah lil-Jāmiʻāt Al-Miṣrīyah. Journal of Educational and Psychological Studies, Faculty of Education, Zagazig University, Issue 87, April 223-278.
Lapina,  Inga and Roga , Renāte and Muurse , Peeter. (2016). Quality of higher education International students’ satisfaction and learning experience , International Journal of Quality and Service Sciences, Vol. 8 No. 3,  pp. 263-278
Laping Sheng , Junxia Dai , Jinhuo Lei .(2022). The impacts of academic adaptation on psychological and sociocultural adaptation among international students in China: The moderating role of friendship , International Journal of Intercultural Relations 89 , 79–89
Larbi , Frank Okai and Fu , Wangqian. (2017). Practices and challenges of internationalization of higher education in China; international students’ perspective A case study of Beijing Normal University , International Journal of Comparative Education and Development , Vol. 19 No. 2/3, 78-96.
Lihong Zhou⁎, Yingying Han, Ping Li (2018) Home Away from Home: Extending Library Services for International Students in China's Universities, The Journal of Academic Librarianship 44 , 52–59
Mason , Leah. (2021). International Student Mobility Flows and COVID-19 Realities , Special Release: Annual IC3 Conference, Delhi, India, Aug. 25-26.
Masʻūd, ʻImād wālkwr, li-mā. (2015). Al-ʻawāmil Al-muʼaththirah fī Ikhtiyār Al-Talabah Al-ʻArab lil-Jāmiʻāt Al-Urdunīyah. An-Najah University Journal of Research (Human Sciences), Vol. 29(5), 931-969.
Maṭar, Muḥammad. (2021). Tadwīl Al-Taʻlīm Al-Jāmiʻī mdkhlā li-talbiyat Al-Waẓāʼif Al-Mutawaqqaʻah li-Sūq Al-ʻamal "Taṣawwur Muqtaraḥ". Educational Journal, Faculty of Education, Sohag University, Issue 83, Part 2, March, 1160-1224.
Meng , Qian ; Li, Aobo and Zhang , Huijuan. (2022).  How can offline and online contact predict intercultural communication effectiveness? Findings from domestic and international students in China, International Journal of Intercultural Relations 89 , 63–78.
Ministry of University Education and Scientific Research. (2022). Al-Taʻlīm Al-Jāmiʻī fī Arqām Bayna ʻāmay (2014 – 2017). Available at the following link :
Muhamad Umar Nadeem , Rosli Mohammed , Syarizan Dalib. (2020). Influence of sensation seeking on intercultural communication competence of international students in a Malaysian university: Attitude as a mediator. International Journal of Intercultural Relations , Vol. 74 , 30-41.
Muḥammad, Māhir. (2014). Tadwīl Al-Taʻlīm Al-Jāmiʻī Ka-madkhal li-Ziyādat Al-Qudrah Al-Tanāfusīyah lil-Jāmiʻāt al-Miṣrīyah, Ārāʼ ʻayyinah min Aʻḍāʼ Hayʼat Al-Tadrīs fī Baʻḍ Al-Jāmiʻāt Al-Miṣrīyah. Educational Journal, Vol. 29, Issue 113, Kuwait University, Scientific Publication Council, December, 141-218.
Muṣṭafá, Fāṭimah al-Zahrāʼ. (2013). Itāḥh Al-Taʻlīm Al-Jāmiʻī wtdwylh fī Al-Tajribah Al-Turkīyah (Ruʼyah Naqdīyah). Education Journal, Egyptian Society for Comparative Education and Educational Administration, World Council of Comparative Education Societies, Vol. 16, Issue 44, October, 305-345.
Muṣṭafá, Umaymah. (2015). Tadwīl Al-Taʻlīm Al-Jāmiʻī fī Kūriyā Al-Janūbīyah wa-Imkānīyat Al-Ifādah Minhu fī Miṣr. Journal of the Faculty of Education, Tanta University, Issue 60, October, 41-117.
Ngamkamollert, Teerapat and Ruangkanjanases, Athapol. (2015). Factors Influencing Foreign Students’ Satisfaction toward International Program in Thai Universities , International Journal of Information and Education Technology, Vol. 5, No. 3, March, 170-178.
Ngok , Kinglun. (2008). Massification, Bureaucratization and Questing for "World-Class" Status: Higher Education in China Since the Mid-1990s", International Journal of Educational Management, Vol. 22 Iss: 6.
Roga ,  Renate ; Lapina , Inga and Muurespp , Peeter. (2015). internationalization of Higher Education: Analysis of Factors Influencing Foreign Students’ Choice of Higher Education Institution , 20th International Scientific Conference Economics and Management , Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 213 , 925 – 930Analysis of Factors Influencing Foreign Students’ Choice of Higher Education Institution , 20th International Scientific Conference Economics and Management , Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 213 , 925 – 930
Sheng , Laping; Dai , Junxia and Lei , Jinhuo. (2022).The impacts of academic adaptation on psychological and sociocultural adaptation among international students in China: The moderating role of friendship , International Journal of Intercultural Relations 89 , 79–89
Singh , Jasvir Kaur Nachatar and Jamil, Hazri.(2021). International education and meaningful contributions to society: Exploration of postgraduate international students’ perspectives studying.  International Journal of Educational Development in a Malaysian research university, Vol.81 ,1-9
Snowball, J. D. and Antrobus , G. G. (2006). Is economic impact a good way of justifying the inclusion of foreign students at local universities? , Unisa Press Unisa Press , SAJHE 20 (3) , 168- 181
Sulaymān, Hanāʼ. (2019). Taswīq Jawdah Al-Khidmāt Al-Jāmiʻīyah Madkhal li-Daʻm Muqawwimāt Tadwīl Al-Taʻlīm al-Jāmiʻī (Jāmiʻat Dimyāṭ Namūdhajan lil-Taṭbīq). Journal of the College of Education in Ismailia, Issue 44, May, 316-391.
Tan , Yao Sua and Goh , Soo Khoon.(2014). International students, academic publications and world university rankings: the impact of globalization and responses of a Malaysian public university. High Educ , 68:489–502
Varasteh , Hanieh ; Marzuki  , Azizan and Rasoolimanesh , S. Mostafa.( 2015). International students’ travel behaviour in Malaysia. Anatolia – An International Journal of Tourism and Hospitality Research, Vol. 26, No. 2, 200–216,
Wan , Chang Da and Abdullah , Doria.(2021). Internationalisation of Malaysian higher education: policies, practices and the SDGs. International Journal of Comparative Education and Development , Vol. 23 No. 3, pp. 212-226
Wang Haiyan and Zhou Yuan (2011) ; China: Challenges for Higher Education in a High Growth Economy , in book titled as : Universities in Transition: The Changing Role and Challenges for Academic Institutions , edited by B. Gransson and C. Brundenius , International Development Research Centre , 2011 , p.144.
Wayḥ, Muḥammad. (2012). Taṣawwur Muqtaraḥ li-bināʼ tktl Jāmiʻī ʻArabī fī Dawʼ Mutaṭallabāt wa-Taḥaddiyāt Tadwīl Al-Taʻlīm. The Future of Arab Education Journal, Vol. 19, Issue 77, The Arab Center for Education and Development, April, 317-392.
Wende , Marijk Van Der. ( 2015). International Academic Mobility: Towards a Concentration of the Minds in Europe , European Review, Vol. 23, No. S1, S70–S88.
World Bank. (2020). The Internationalization of Post-Secondary Education in the Middle East and North Africa. Center for Mediterranean Integration, available at the following link:
Yang Shia, Ruiming Liub, , Yankun Kangc , (2020) Does a name change attract better students? Evidence from Chinese universities , China Economic Review , Vol. 60 , 1-13
Zeeshan , Muhammad;  Sabbar ,Sabbar Dahham ; Bashir , Shahid and Hussain , Rai Imtiaz. (2013). Foreign Students’ Motivation For Studying in Malaysia, International Journal of Asian Social Science, 3(3):833-846