Strategies for managing Adolescent’s Emotions as An Intermediate Variable between the Emotion Dysregulation for Mothers and the Social-Emotional Competence of Adolescent

Document Type : Original Article

Authors

1 Counseling psychology- Faculty of Graduate studies for Education-Cairo university

2 Educational Psychology Faculty of Graduate Studies for Education - Cairo University

Abstract

Abstract
The current study aims at examining the causative relationship between the emotional dysregulation of mothers, strategies for managing Adolescent’s Emotions and adolescents as an intermediate variable and the social-emotional competence of adolescents. It also aims at predicting the social-emotional competence of adolescents through the mothers' emotional dysregulation and strategies for managing Adolescent’s Emotions. The sample of the study consists of 265 mothers with mean ages (44.9), standard deviation (5.9), their adolescents were preparatory school students with an average age of (13, 59) standard deviation (0.91). Researchers use the “emotion dysregulation for mothers” scale as mothers perceived and the “strategies for managing Adolescent’s Emotions” scale, “social-emotional competence” scale as adolescents perceived and “the socio-economic level” scale.
The results of the study reveal that the Strategies for Managing Adolescent’s Emotions mediate the relationship between the Emotion dysregulation for Mothers and the adolescents social emotional competence as well as it was possible to predict the adolescents social emotional competence through one of the dimensions of mothers’ emotional dysregulation (difficulties using emotion regulation strategies), also through some of the adolescents emotion management strategies (emotion centred strategies, ignoring and blaming). The results indicate that there were no statistically significant differences between males and females in social-emotional competence and in emotional management strategies.
Emotion regulation is considered an important role for enhancing adolescents' social emotional competence, mothers play a prominent role in how to develop emotional regulation in their adolescents through emotional management strategies.
Key Words: Emotion Dysregulation , Social Emotional Competence

Keywords

Main Subjects


 
Bardeen, J. R., & Fergus, T. A. (2014). An examination of the incremental contribution of emotion regulation difficulties to health anxiety beyond specific emotion regulation strategies. Journal of anxiety disorders28(4), 394-401.
Bardeen, J. R., Fergus, T. A., & Orcutt, H. K. (2012). An examination of the latent structure of the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment34(3), 382-392.
Bariola, E., Hughes, E.K., & Gullone, E. (2012). Relationships between parent and child emotion regulation strategy Use: A brief report. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 21, 443-448.
Baumrind, D (1991): "The in fluence of parenting style on adolescent competence and substance use" Journal of Early adolescence. 11 : 56-95.   
          Besharat, M. A., & Shahidi, V. (2014). Mediating role of cognitive emotion regulation strategies on the relationship between attachment styles and alexithymia. Europe’s Journal of Psychology10(2), 352-362.
Biesecker, G. E. (2002). Attachment to parents and peers and emotion regulation in middle adolescence. PHD, tufts University.
Campos, J. J., Frankel, C. B., & Camras, L. (2004). On the nature of emotion regulation. Child development75(2), 377-394.
Cavell, T. A. (1990). Social adjustment, social performance, and social skills: A tri-component model of social competence. Journal of clinical child psychology, 19(2), 111-122.
Cengiz, G. F., & Gürel, G. (2020). Difficulties in emotion regulation and quality of life in patients with acne. Quality of Life Research29(2), 431-438.
Cheung R.Y.M., Chan L.Y., Chung K.K.H.(2020).Emotion dysregulation  between mothers, fathers, and adolescents: Implications for adolescents' internalizing problems. Journal of Adolescence, Volume 83, Pages 62-71.
Compare, A., Zarbo, C., Shonin, E., Van Gordon, W., & Marconi, C. (2014). Emotional regulation and depression: A potential mediator between heart and mind. Cardiovascular psychiatry and neurology2014.
Crandall, A., Ghazarian, S. R., Day, R. D., & Riley, A. W. (2016). Maternal emotion regulation and adolescent behaviors: The mediating role of family functioning and parenting. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 45(11), 2321-2335.
Danli Li; Dongping Li; Nini Wu& Zhenhong Wang.(2019). Intergenerational transmission of emotion regulation through parents' reactions to children's negative emotions: Tests of unique, actor, partner, and mediating effects,Children and Youth Services Review,Volume 101,P. 113-122,
Delcourt, C., Gremler, D. D., van Riel, A. C., & Van Birgelen, M. J. (2016). Employee emotional competence: construct conceptualization and validation of a customer-based measure. Journal of Service Research19(1), 72-87.
Denham, S. A. (2007). Dealing with feelings: How children negotiate the worlds of emotions and social relationships. Cognition, Brain, Behavior11(1), 1.
Denham,S;  Bassett ,H &  Wyatt.T (2015). The Socialization of Emotional Competence.chapter 24, at: ttps://www.researchgate.net/publication/232535707
Domitrovich, C. E., Durlak, J. A., Staley, K. C., & Weissberg, R. P. (2017). Social‐emotional competence: An essential factor for promoting positive adjustment and reducing risk in school children. Child development88(2), 408-416.
Enebrink, Björnsdotter, & Ghaderi(2013) The Emotion Regulation Questionnaire: Psychometric Properties and Norms for Swedish Parents of Children Aged 10-13 Years. Europe's Journal of Psychology, Vol. 9(2), 289–303.
Fabes, R; Poulin, R; Eisenberg, N & Derdich, M(2002).The Coping with Children’s Negative Emotions Scale (CCNES):Psychometric Properties and Relations with Children’s Emotional Competence. Marriage & Family Review .The Haworth Press, Inc Vol. 34(3/4). pp. 285-310.
Fabes, R ; Leonard,S; Kupanoff, K & Martin,L.C (2001). Parental Coping with Children’s Negative Emotions :Relations with Children’s Emotional and Social Responding. Journal of Child Development, May/June, V 72, (3), P 907–920.
Felner, R. D., Lease, A. M., & Phillips, R. S. C. (1990). Social competence and the language of adequacy as a subject matter for psychology: A quadripartite tri-level framework. The development of social competence in adolescence3.
Garfield, J. L., Peterson, C. C., & Perry, T. (2001). Social cognition, language acquisition and the development of the theory of mind. Mind & Language16(5), 494-541.
Garnefski, N., & Kraaij, V. (2007). The cognitive emotion regulation questionnaire. European journal of psychological assessment, 23(3), 141-149.
Garrido-Rojas, L., Guzmán-González, M., Mendoza-Llanos, R., Rivera-Ottenberger, D., & Contreras-Garay, P. (2021). Emotional regulation and depression in a sample of separated and divorced Chilean adults. Current Psychology, 40(4), 1767-1778.
Girouard, A., Dion, J., Bőthe, B., O’Sullivan, L., & Bergeron, S. (2021). Bullying victimization and sexual wellbeing in sexually active heterosexual, cisgender and sexual/gender minority adolescents: the mediating role of emotion regulation. Journal of youth and adolescence, 1-15.
Golan, V ;  Waldb, N & Yatzkarb(2017). Patterns of emotion regulation and emotion-related behaviors among parents of children with and without ADHD. Psychiatry Research. 258 .P. 494–500.
Goleman, D (1998). Working of: Emotional intelligence. New York, Bantam.
Goleman, D. (1996). Emotional intelligence. Why it can matter more than IQ. Learning24(6), 49-50.
Goleman, D. (2001). An EI-based theory of performance. The emotionally intelligent workplace: How to select for, measure, and improve emotional intelligence in individuals, groups, and organizations1(1), 27.
Goleman, D. (2001). Emotional intelligence: Issues in paradigm building. The emotionally intelligent workplace13, 26. Goleman, D. (2012). Emotional intelligence: Why it can matter more than IQ. Bantam.
Gratz, K. L., & Roemer, L. (2004). Multidimensional assessment of emotion regulation and dysregulation: Development, factor structure, and initial validation of the difficulties in emotion regulation scale. Journal of psychopathology and behavioral assessment26(1), 41-54.
Gross, J. J. (1998). The emerging field of emotion regulation: An integrative review. Review of general psychology, 2(3), 271-299.
Gross, J. J. (1999). Emotion regulation: Past, present, future. Cognition & emotion, 13(5), 551-573
Gross, J. J. (2008). Emotion regulation. Handbook of emotions3(3), 497-513.
Gross, J. J. (2014). Emotion regulation: conceptual and empirical foundations. In J. Groos, Handbook of emotion regulation (2ed., pp. 3-22). New York: The Guilford Press.
Gross, J. J., & John, O. P. (2003). Individual differences in two emotion regulation processes: implications for affect, relationships, and well-being. Journal of personality and social psychology85(2), 348.
Gul, S., Arouj, K., & Khan, M. J. (2014). Emotional self regulation as the predictor of self esteem and life satisfaction among university students. Pakistan Journal of Clinical Psychology, 13, 2, 33-45.
Hayes, S. C., Luoma, J. B., Bond, F. W., Masuda, A., & Lillis, J. (2006). Acceptance and commitment therapy: Model, processes and outcomes. Behaviour research and therapy44(1), 1-25.
Hurrell,K;  Hudson,J ;  Schniering,C(2015). Parental reactions to children’s negative emotions: Relationships with emotion regulation in children with an anxiety disorder. Journal of Anxiety Disorders ( 29) 72–82.
Jackson, S. L., & Cunningham, S. A. (2015). Social competence and obesity in elementary school. American journal of public health, 105(1), 153-158. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2014.302208
John, O. P., & Gross, J. J. (2007). Individual differences in emotion regulation. Handbook of emotion regulation, 351-372.
          Jones, D,J(2015).link between parental responses to adolescent distress and adolescent risk behaviour. The mediating role of thought/emotion suppression. PHD. University of Maryland.
Kazdin, A. (0333). Encyclopedia of psychology, Oxford University Press.
Kim L. Gratz2;3;4 and Lizabeth Roemer(2004). Multidimensional Assessment of Emotion Regulation and  Dysregulation : Development, Factor Structure, and Initial Validation of the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment,  Vol. 26, (1(.
Kullik, A., & Petermann, F. (2013). Attachment to parents and peers as risk factor for adolescent depressive disorders: The mediating role of emotion regulation.Child Psychiatry& Human Development, 44(4), 537-548.
Kuo, J. R., Fitzpatrick, S., Metcalfe, R. K., & McMain, S. (2016). A multi-method laboratory investigation of emotional reactivity and emotion regulation abilities in borderline personality disorder. Journal of behavior therapy and experimental psychiatry, 50, 52-60.
La Bass, Eric (2016). Does Teaching Parents Emotion-Coaching Strategies Change Parental Perception of Children's Negative Emotions? PHD, Faculty of Antioch University.
Lopes, P. N., Salovey, P., Côté, S., Beers, M., & Petty, R. E. (2005). Emotion regulation abilities and the quality of social interaction. Emotion5(1), 113.
McEwen, C., & Flouri, E. (2009). Fathers’ parenting, adverse life events and adolescents’ emotional and eating disorder symptoms: the role of emotion regulation. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 18(4), 206-216.
Meyer, S  H; Raikes, A ; Virmani , E ;Waters ,S & Thompson ,R (2014). Parent emotion representations and the socialization of emotion regulation in the family. International Journal of Behavioral Development 38(2) 164–173.                                                                                                      
           Montebarocci, O., Codispoti, M., Baldaro, B., & Rossi, N. (2004). Adult attachment style and alexithymia. Personality and Individual differences36(3), 499-507.
Morelen , Shaffer,&  Suveg (2016). Maternal Emotion Regulation: inks to Emotion Parenting and Child Emotion Regulation. Journal of Family Issues, Vol. 37(13) 1891–1916.
Morris,A.S ; Criss,M ; Jennifer S. Silk,J.S & Houltberg ,B.J(2017). The Impact of Parenting on Emotion Regulation During Childhood and Adolescence. Child Development Perspectives, 11(4) P. 233–238.
Morvaridi, M., Mashhadi, A., Shamloo, Z. S., & Leahy, R. L. (2019). The effectiveness of group emotional schema therapy on emotional regulation and social anxiety symptoms. International Journal of Cognitive Therapy12(1), 16-24.
Naveen, G. (2011): Emotional Competence of teacher educators working in self-financing B.Ed. colleges in state Haryana, International Referred Research Journal, 2(20), P.14-16.
Neumann, A., van Lier, P. A., Gratz, K. L., & Koot, H. M. (2010). Multidimensional assessment of emotion regulation difficulties in adolescents using the difficulties in emotion regulation scale. Assessment, 17(1), 138-149.
Nikmanesh, Z., Kazemi, Y., & Khosravy, M. (2014). Study role of different dimensions of emotional self-regulation on addiction potential. Journal of family & reproductive health8(2), 69.
Pandey, R., Saxena, P., & Dubey, A. (2011). Emotion regulation difficulties in alexithymia and mental health. Europe’s Journal of Psychology7(4), 604-623.
Philippot, P., & Feldman, R. S. (2004). Positive emotion and the regulation of interpersonal relationships. In The regulation of emotion (pp. 142-171). Psychology Press.
Pollatos, O., & Gramann, K. (2012). Attenuated modulation of brain activity accompanies emotion regulation deficits in alexithymia. Psychophysiology,  49(5), 651-658.
Putnam, K. M., & Silk, K. R. (2005). Emotion dysregulation and the development of borderline personality disorder. Development and psychopathology17(4), 899-925.
Ramsden,R,S & Hubbard,A,J.(2003). Family Expressiveness and Parental Emotion Coaching: Their Role in Children's Emotion Regulation and Aggression   Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, Vol 30(6):657-67DOI:10.1023/A:1020819915881.
Rellini, A. H., Vujanovic, A. A., & Zvolensky, M. J. (2010). Emotional dysregulation:Concurrent relation to sexual problems among trauma-exposed adult cigarette smokers. Journal of Sex & Marital Therapy, 36(2), 137-153.
Rittenhouse-Young, N. (2015). Adolescent Emotion Regulation and Psychopathology: Does Parent Emotion Regulation and Parenting Style Play a Role? PHD, Kean University.
Rohrig ,N,Stephanie (2019). Feasibility and Efficacy of parent-child interaction therapy enhanced with emotion regulation training for dysregulated  parents. PHD. Hofstra University. Hempstead.    
Rugancı, R. N., & Gençöz, T. (2010). Psychometric properties of a Turkish version of the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale. Journal of Clinical Psychology66(4), 442-455.
Salovey, P., & Mayer, J. D. (1990). Emotional intelligence. Imagination, cognition and personality9(3), 185-211.
Saxena, P., Dubey, A., & Pandey, R. (2011). Role of Emotion Regulation Difficulties in Predicting Mental Health and Well-being. SIS Journal of Projective Psychology & Mental Health, 18(2).
Scherer, K. R., Wranik, T., Sangsue, J., Tran, V., & Scherer, U. (2004). Emotions in everyday life: Probability of occurrence, risk factors, appraisal and reaction patterns. Social Science Information, 43(4), 499-570.
Schoenrock, C. J., Bell, N. J., Sun, S. W., & Avery, A. W. (1999). Family correlates of adolescent self-monitoring and social competence. The Journal of Psychology133(4), 377-393.
Searni , C (1999) : The development of emotional competence . New York: Guilford Press.
Seddon, J.A ; Abdel-Baki,R ;  Feige,S & Thomassin,K(2020) The Cascade Effect of Parent Dysfunction: An Emotion Socialization Transmission Framework. Frontiers in Psychology. October 2020 | Volume 11 | Article 579519.
Semrud-Clikeman, M. (2007). Social competence in children. In Social competence in children (pp. 1-9). Springer, Boston, MA.
Shaffer,A; Suveg,C;  Thomassin ,K &Bradbury,L(2012). Emotion Socialization in the Context of Family Risks:Links to Child Emotion Regulation. Journal Child  and Family Studies 21:917–924
Shannon ,M (2018). Measuring Emotion Regulation, psychological  flexibility and valued living through the emotion efficacy scale:A validation study.PHD the Wright Institute Graduate School of Psychology.
Shi, Z., & Wang, Q. (2021). Chinese Adolescents’ Coping with COVID‐19: Relationships with Emotional Maladjustment and Parental Reactions to Negative Emotions. Journal of Research on Adolescence31(3), 645-656.
Shorer, M., Swissa, O., Levavi, P., & Swissa, A. (2019). Parental playfulness and children’s emotional regulation: the mediating role of parents’ emotional regulation and the parent–child relationship. Early Child Development and Care.p. 210-220.
Thompson, R. A. (1994). Emotion regulation: A theme in search of definition. Monographs of the society for research in child development59(2-3), 25-52.
Vahedi, S., Badri Gargari, R., & Gholami, S. (2016). Mediating role of cognitive emotion regulation strategies on the relationship between the attachment styles and emotional problems: a path analysis. Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences10(4).
Valiente, C., Swanson, J., & Eisenberg, N. (2012). Linking students’ emotions and academic achievement: When and why emotions matter. Child development perspectives6(2), 129-135.
Warfiled, H. K. (2012). Child emotion regulation as a mediator of the association between maternal negative response to emotion and child problem behaviors. PHD. Oklahoma State University .
Weissberg, R. P., Durlak, J. A., Domitrovich, C. E., & Gullotta, T. P. (Eds.). (2015). Social and emotional learning: Past, present, and future. In J. A. Durlak, C. E. Domitrovich, R. P. Weissberg, & T. P. Gullotta (Eds.), Handbook of social and emotional learning: Research and practice (pp. 3–19). The Guilford Press.
Welsh, J., Domitrovich, C. E., Bierman, K., & Lang, J. (2003). Promoting safe schools and healthy students in rural Pennsylvania. Psychology in the Schools40(5), 457-472.
Wendy, S. (1999). Developing social competence in children. Teachers Collage, Columbia University.http, // iume.tic. Columbia.educe/ choices/ briefs / choices 03
Wolford , N .S (2019).The emotion regulation process in parents: Responding to call for emotion regulation skills in parenting intervention.PHD. College of human sciences .Florida state university. 
Wolmarans, M., & Martins, N. (2001). The 360 degree emotional competency profiler. Unpublished manual, Johannesburg: Organizational Diagnostics and Learning Link International62.
Woodward, E. C. (2016). Intergenerational emotion dysregulation: Older adolescent negative perception as a moderator, PHD, American University.
Zeidner, M., Matthews, G., & Roberts, R. D. (2004). Emotional intelligence in the workplace: A critical review. Applied Psychology53(3), 371-399.