The Causal Model for Well Being, The Will To Live, Forgiveness, and Gratitude Among The Elderly

Warrad, Nahed Mohamed; Saleh Al-Alfi, Azza; William Joseph, Maggie; Abdul Aziz Muhtadi, Shadia

doi:10.21608/jsre.2021.141231

The Causal Model for Well Being, The Will To Live, Forgiveness, and Gratitude Among The Elderly

Document Type : Original Article

Authors

¹ Psychology department-Girls College of Arts Science and education-Ain Shams University

² Professor of Psychology - Girls College - Ain Shams University

³ Assistant Professor of Psychology - Girls College - Ain Shams University

⁴ Teacher of Educational Psychology - Girls College - Ain Shams University

10.21608/jsre.2021.141231

Abstract

Abstract:
The Aim of This study is to propose and teste a model of Well Being and its relations to The Will To Live and Forgiveness and Gratitude , among a sample of the elderly to investigate the direct and indirect effects, The research sample consisted of (257) elderly, from Cairo, They were employees in various instituts, enjoying good health, staying in their homes, their ages range from (60 to 84 years old), and (118) of them were females, and (139) were males, a mean age is (68,16) years. The Study tools are Well Being scale,The Will To Live scale, Forgiveness scale, and gratitute scale, (All of them were Designed by the resercher). By using the path analysis of Track Model to get the best model with Suggested model. The results revealed that we get best model that liken The Suggested Model, On the other hand the Suggested Model include direct positive pathways, from the variables A will to live and Forgiveness to well-being, direct negative pathway, from the gratitude variable to well-being, direct positive path from well-being variable to gratitude, and there is not indirect path from A will to live to well-being by Forgiveness. The results of the research were discussed in light of the theoretical framework and previous studies.

Keywords

Main Subjects

Educational psychology

References

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Anas, M., Husain Akbar., Khan, S. M., & Aijaz, A. (2016). Development and Standardization of the Gratitude Scale. Journal of Educational, Health and Community Psychology, 5(3), 1-14.‏

Anna, M. Z., & Anna, S. W. (2014). Does self-improvement explain well-being in life and at workplace? Analysis based on selected measures of well-being, Polish Psychological Bulletin, v 45(2), 134-141.

Bano Aisha. (2014). Impact Of Meaning In Life On Psychological Well Being And Stress Among University Students, Quaid e Azam University Islamabad, Pakistan Existenzanalyse, GLE-International Wien, 21-25.

Bartlett, M.Y., & DeSteno, D. (2006). Gratitude and prosocial behavior: Helping when it costs you. Psychological Science, 17, 319–325.

Belay, T. K., & Gerum, T.(2017).Psychological Wellbeing of Elders as a Function of Religious Involvement, Spirituality and Personal Meaning in Life, Clin Exp Psychol ,pp 2471-2701.

Berit, I. D., & Neal, K. (2005). Self-Forgiveness A Component of Mental Health in Later Life, Sage Publications, Research On Aging, Vol. 27 No. 3, 267-289.

Cain, I. H., Cairo, A., Duffy, M., Meli, L., Rye, M. S., & Worthington, Jr, E. L. (2019). Measuring gratitude at work. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 14(4), 440-451.‏

Camillo Regalia,.& Pelucchi Sara.(2014). Forgiveness of Self Scale, Encyclopedia of Quality of life and well being research, pp 101-311. https://link.springer.com/

Carmel, S. (2001). The will to live: Gender differences among elderly persons. Social Science & Medicine, 52, 949-958.

Carmel, S.(2015). The will-to-live scale: development, validation, and significance for elderly people, Journal aging and mental health, Volume 21, 2017 - Issue 3 Pages 289-296.

Carmel, S., Shrira, A., &Shmotkin, D. (2013). The will to live and death-related decline in life satisfaction. Psychology and Aging, American Psychological Association, 28(4), 1115-1123.

Charles, S. C., & Eddie, H. J.(2009). Anger Is an Approach-Related Affect: Evidence and Implications, American Psychological Association , Vol. 135, No. 2,pp: 183–204.

Charlotte, v. O. W., Fallon, J. R., Lindsey M. R. L., &Daryl R. V.T. (2019). Gratitude predicts hope & happiness: A two-study assessment of traits & states. The Journal of Positive Psychology, v 14, 3,p 271-282.

Chochinov, H. M., Thomas, H., Psych, C., Hassard Th., Kristjanson, L. J., Mcclement, S., & Mike,H. (2005). Understanding The Will To Live In Patients Nearing Death, Psychosomatics; Canada, 46:7–10.

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Enright, R. D. (1996). Counseling Within the Forgiveness Triad: On Forgiving, Receiving Forgiveness, and Self‐Forgiveness, Counseling and Values, 40(2), 107–126.

Ferguson, S. J., Mclinpsych, B. H., & Andrea, D.(2010). Optimism And Well-Being In Older Adults:The Mediating Role Of Social Support And Perceived Control, Int’l. J. Aging And Human Development, Vol. 71(1) 43-68.

Florencio, F. P., Katerina, G.,& Michael, E. A. (2020). A meta-analytic review of the relationship between dispositional gratitude and well-being. Personality and Individual Differences, v164, 110101.

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Froh, J.J., Jinyan, F., Robert, A. E.,Giacomo, B., E. Scott,H., & Philip, W. (2011). Measuring Gratitude in Youth: Assessing the Psychometric Properties of Adult Gratitude Scales in Children and Adolescents, American Psychological Association, 2011, Vol. 23, No. 2, 311–324.

Froh, J., Yurkewicz, C., & Kashadan, T. (2009). Gratitude and subjective well-being in early adolescences: Examining gender differences. Journal of Adolescence, 32, 633-650

Gibson, L. M. R. & Parker, V. (2003). Inner resources as predictors of psychological well-weing in middle-income African American breast cancer survivors. Cancer Control, 10 (5), 52-58.

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Huohvanainen, E. A., Strandberg, T. E., Pitkala, K. H., Karppinen, H., & Tilvis, R. S. (2012). Do you wish to live to the age of 100? A survey of older men. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society (JAGS), 60, 1983-1984.

Ilhan Yalçın., & Asude Malkoç. (2015). The Relationship Between Meaning in Life and Subjective Well-Being: Forgiveness and Hope as Mediators, Journal of Happiness Studies, v 16, 915–929.

Jack, J. B., Laura, E. G., Elissa, A. L., & Bridget. (2019). What growth sounds like: Redemption, self‐improvement, and eudaimonic growth across different life narratives in relation to well‐being, Personality, 87,3

Joann, D. R., & Carmel, S. (2014). Exploring the Will to Live and Distinguishing Depression at End of Life, Journal of the American Society on Aging, Vol. 38 .No. 3,p 30-36.

John, M., Ann, M.,& Liza, Da. (2001). Failure to forgive self and others: a replication and extension of the relationship between forgiveness, personality, social desirability and general health, V 30, Issue 5, PP 881-885.

Jonathan, M. A., Jennifer, L., Frederick, L. P., & Houle, I. (2016). The Incremental Validity of Narrative Identity in Predicting Well-Being: A Review of the Field and Recommendations for the Future, Personality and Social Psychology Review, Vol. 20(2) 142–175

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December 2020
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The Causal Model for Well Being, The Will To Live, Forgiveness, and Gratitude Among The Elderly

References

Abraham, H. Maslow.(1954(. Motivation and Personalitv, Third edition , Harper & Row, Publishers, New York, pp: 2-6.

Akhilendra, K.S., Sadhana., A. P. Singh., & Aakanchha, S. (2013). Hope and well-being among students of professional courses, Indian Journal of Community Psychology, 9(1), 109-119.

Anas, M., Husain Akbar., Khan, S. M., & Aijaz, A. (2016). Development and Standardization of the Gratitude Scale. Journal of Educational, Health and Community Psychology, 5(3), 1-14.‏

Anna, M. Z., & Anna, S. W. (2014). Does self-improvement explain well-being in life and at workplace? Analysis based on selected measures of well-being, Polish Psychological Bulletin, v 45(2), 134-141.

Bano Aisha. (2014). Impact Of Meaning In Life On Psychological Well Being And Stress Among University Students, Quaid e Azam University Islamabad, Pakistan Existenzanalyse, GLE-International Wien, 21-25.

Bartlett, M.Y., & DeSteno, D. (2006). Gratitude and prosocial behavior: Helping when it costs you. Psychological Science, 17, 319–325.

Belay, T. K., & Gerum, T.(2017).Psychological Wellbeing of Elders as a Function of Religious Involvement, Spirituality and Personal Meaning in Life, Clin Exp Psychol ,pp 2471-2701.

Berit, I. D., & Neal, K. (2005). Self-Forgiveness A Component of Mental Health in Later Life, Sage Publications, Research On Aging, Vol. 27 No. 3, 267-289.

Cain, I. H., Cairo, A., Duffy, M., Meli, L., Rye, M. S., & Worthington, Jr, E. L. (2019). Measuring gratitude at work. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 14(4), 440-451.‏

Camillo Regalia,.& Pelucchi Sara.(2014). Forgiveness of Self Scale, Encyclopedia of Quality of life and well being research, pp 101-311. https://link.springer.com/

Carmel, S. (2001). The will to live: Gender differences among elderly persons. Social Science & Medicine, 52, 949-958.

Carmel, S.(2015). The will-to-live scale: development, validation, and significance for elderly people, Journal aging and mental health, Volume 21, 2017 - Issue 3 Pages 289-296.

Carmel, S., Shrira, A., &Shmotkin, D. (2013). The will to live and death-related decline in life satisfaction. Psychology and Aging, American Psychological Association, 28(4), 1115-1123.

Charles, S. C., & Eddie, H. J.(2009). Anger Is an Approach-Related Affect: Evidence and Implications, American Psychological Association , Vol. 135, No. 2,pp: 183–204.

Charlotte, v. O. W., Fallon, J. R., Lindsey M. R. L., &Daryl R. V.T. (2019). Gratitude predicts hope & happiness: A two-study assessment of traits & states. The Journal of Positive Psychology, v 14, 3,p 271-282.

Chochinov, H. M., Thomas, H., Psych, C., Hassard Th., Kristjanson, L. J., Mcclement, S., & Mike,H. (2005). Understanding The Will To Live In Patients Nearing Death, Psychosomatics; Canada, 46:7–10.

David, W. Chan. (2013). Subjective well-being of Hong Kong Chinese teachers: The contribution of gratitude, forgiveness, and the orientations to happiness, Teaching and Teacher Education Journal, The Chinese University, Hong Kong, v32, 22-30.

Deanne, M. L., &Swanson, M. (2011). Predictors Of Self Forgiveness In Older Adults, Doctor of Philosophy, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts.

Diener, ED., Derrick, W., Robert, B. D., William Tov.,Chu Kim-Prieto., Dong-won Choi., & Shigehiro Oishi. (2009). New measures of well-being, Springer Science+Business Media B.V.39, 247: 266.

Diener, ED., Oishi S., Lucas RE.(2003). Personality, culture, and subjective well-being: emotional and cognitive evaluations of life, Annu Rev Psychol, 54:403-425.

Diener, ED., Pelin, K.,& Richard, L. (2008). Benefits of Accounts of Well-Being-For Societies & for Psychological Science, International Association of Applied Psychology: An International Review, 57, 37–53, Published by Blackwell Publishing , Oxford , UK.

Emmons, R. A. (2004). Gratitude. In C. Peterson & M. E. P. Seligman (Eds.), Character strengths and virtues: A handbook and classification, pp. 553–568). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.

Enright, R. D. (1996). Counseling Within the Forgiveness Triad: On Forgiving, Receiving Forgiveness, and Self‐Forgiveness, Counseling and Values, 40(2), 107–126.

Ferguson, S. J., Mclinpsych, B. H., & Andrea, D.(2010). Optimism And Well-Being In Older Adults:The Mediating Role Of Social Support And Perceived Control, Int’l. J. Aging And Human Development, Vol. 71(1) 43-68.

Florencio, F. P., Katerina, G.,& Michael, E. A. (2020). A meta-analytic review of the relationship between dispositional gratitude and well-being. Personality and Individual Differences, v164, 110101.

Friedman, P. (2005). The Relative Contribution of Forgiveness, Gratitude, Prayer, and Spiritual Transcendence in Reducing Distress and Enhancing Well-Being, Quality of Life and Happiness.Paper presented at the 3rd Annual Mid-Year Research Conference on Religion and Spirituality.

Froh, J.J., Jinyan, F., Robert, A. E.,Giacomo, B., E. Scott,H., & Philip, W. (2011). Measuring Gratitude in Youth: Assessing the Psychometric Properties of Adult Gratitude Scales in Children and Adolescents, American Psychological Association, 2011, Vol. 23, No. 2, 311–324.

Froh, J., Yurkewicz, C., & Kashadan, T. (2009). Gratitude and subjective well-being in early adolescences: Examining gender differences. Journal of Adolescence, 32, 633-650

Gibson, L. M. R. & Parker, V. (2003). Inner resources as predictors of psychological well-weing in middle-income African American breast cancer survivors. Cancer Control, 10 (5), 52-58.

Hargrave, T. D. (1994). Families and forgiveness: A theoretical and therapeutic framework. The Family Journal, 2,339-348.

Hargrave, T. D., & James, N. S.(1997). The Development Of A Forgiveness Scale. Journal of Marital and Family Therapy, Amarillow College, Northern Illinois University. Vol. 23, NO. 1,41-62.

Heinitz, K., Lorenz, T., Schulze, D.,& Schorlemmer, J. (2018). Positive organizational behavior: longitudinal effects on subjective well-being. Journal PLoS One, 13, (6).

Huohvanainen, E. A., Strandberg, T. E., Pitkala, K. H., Karppinen, H., & Tilvis, R. S. (2012). Do you wish to live to the age of 100? A survey of older men. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society (JAGS), 60, 1983-1984.

Ilhan Yalçın., & Asude Malkoç. (2015). The Relationship Between Meaning in Life and Subjective Well-Being: Forgiveness and Hope as Mediators, Journal of Happiness Studies, v 16, 915–929.

Jack, J. B., Laura, E. G., Elissa, A. L., & Bridget. (2019). What growth sounds like: Redemption, self‐improvement, and eudaimonic growth across different life narratives in relation to well‐being, Personality, 87,3

Joann, D. R., & Carmel, S. (2014). Exploring the Will to Live and Distinguishing Depression at End of Life, Journal of the American Society on Aging, Vol. 38 .No. 3,p 30-36.

John, M., Ann, M.,& Liza, Da. (2001). Failure to forgive self and others: a replication and extension of the relationship between forgiveness, personality, social desirability and general health, V 30, Issue 5, PP 881-885.

Jonathan, M. A., Jennifer, L., Frederick, L. P., & Houle, I. (2016). The Incremental Validity of Narrative Identity in Predicting Well-Being: A Review of the Field and Recommendations for the Future, Personality and Social Psychology Review, Vol. 20(2) 142–175

Judith A. S., Henry, H., Michael, F., & Robert, R.(2016). Introduction to Aging A Positive, Interdisciplinary Approach, Spring Publish, Https://Www.Springerpub.Com/.

Karppinen, H., Laakkonen, M.,L., Strandberg, T. E., Tilvis, R. S., & Pitkälä, K. H. (2012). Will-to-live and survival in a 10-year follow-up among older people. Age and Ageing, 41, 789-794.

Kennon, M. Sh., & Tan, H. Hoon. (2006). The Multiple Determination Of Well-Being: Independent Effects Of Positive Traits, Needs, Goals, Selves, Social Supports, And Cultural Contexts, Journal of Happiness Studies,Springer, 8,565–592.

Keyes, C. L. M., Shmotkin, D., & Ryff, C. D. (2002). Optimizing well-being: The empirical encounter of two traditions. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 82, 1007–1022.

Killen, A., & Macaskill, A.(2015). Using a gratitude intervention to enhance wellbeing in older adults. Journal of Happiness Studies, 16 (4), 947-964.

Kinga, K., & Justyna ,M. (2020). The Relationship between Basic Hope and Depression: Forgiveness as a Mediator, Psychiatric Quarterly https://doi.org/10.1007/s11126-020-09759-w.

Krause, N., & Ellison, C. G. (2003). Forgiveness by God, forgiveness of others, and psychological well-being in late life. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 42, 77-93.

Krause, N., Evans, L. A., Powers, G., & Hayward, R. D. (2012). Feeling grateful to God: A qualitative inquiry. Journal of Positive Psychology, 7, 119-130.

Lia, B. de. L.F., Maria, A.M.P., & Jonathan, R.H.T. (2011). Beyond politeness: the expression of gratitude in children and adolescents, Developmental Psychology, vol.24 no.4 Porto Alegre.

Locke, E. A., & Latham, G. P. (2002). Building a practically useful theory of goal setting and task motivation. American Psychologist, 57(9), 705-717.

Loren, T., Michael, B., Lynn, B., & Maurie, M. (2014). Restore: The Journey Toward Self-Forgiveness: A Randomized Trial of Patient Education on Self-Forgiveness in Cancer Patients and Caregivers, Journal of Health Care Chaplaincy, v20, 2, 54-74,.

Macaskill, A., & Andrew, D.(2014). Assessing psychological health: the contribution of psychological strengths, British Journal of Guidance and Counselling, V 42, Issue 3, 320-337.

María, P. U., & Ignacio, E. (2015). Self-Forgiveness, Self-Acceptance Or Intrapersonal Restoration? Open Issues In The Psychology Of Forgiveness, Universidad Pontificia Comillas, Papeles del Psicólogo, V. 36(3), pp. 230-237.

McCullough,E. M., & Debra Lieberman. (2017). Benefit valuation predicts gratitude, Evolution and Human Behavior, 38 ,18–26.

McCullough. M. E., Marcia, B. K., & Adam, D. C. (2008). An Adaptation for Altruism?The Social Causes, Social Effects, and Social Evolution of Gratitude, Association for Psychological Science, University of Miami,V 17—N 4, 281-285.

Mini, Jain., & Smita Jaiswal. (2016). Gratitude: Concept, Benefits and Cultivation, International Journal of Engineering Technology Science and Research, V 3, 5, pp 207-211.

Morgan, B., Gulliford,L., & Kristjansson, K. (2017). A new approach to measuring moral virtues: The Multi-Component Gratitude Measure. Personality and Individual Differences, 107, 179-189.‏

Mustafa, N. K. (2016). Gratitude, Forgiveness and Subjective- well-being among college going students. International Journal Of Public Mental Health And Neurosciences, 2(2), 1-10.

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Volume 21, Issue 12 - Serial Number 12December 2020Pages 234-269

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Akhilendra, K.S., Sadhana., A. P. Singh., & Aakanchha, S. (2013). Hope and well-being among students of professional courses, Indian Journal *of Community Psychology***, 9(1), 109-119.

Keyes, C. L. M., Shmotkin, D., & Ryff, C. D. (2002). Optimizing well-being: The empirical encounter of two traditions. *Journal of Personality and Social Psychology**, 82*, 1007–1022.

Volume 21, Issue 12 - Serial Number 12
December 2020
Pages 234-269