The relative contribution of gratitude and forgiveness in predicting wisdom for a sample of university students

Document Type : Original Article

Authors

1 faculty of education

2 Assistant Professor -Department of Mental Health Faculty of Education Helwan University

Abstract

The current research aimed to identify the degree of contribution for gratitude and forgiveness in predicting wisdom, and the research sample consisted of (256) students from Helwan University faculty of education with scientific and literary major, and the research used the descriptive analytical method, and The following tools were applied; A gratitude scale for university students preparing the researchers, forgiveness scale for university students preparing the researchers and wisdom scale for university students preparing the researchers The research resulted in there is a statistically significant positive correlation  at the level of significance (0.01) between the students ’scores on the gratitude scale and their scores on the wisdom scale, there is a statistically significant positive correlation  at the level of (0.01) between the scores of students on forgiveness scale and their scores on the wisdom scale, as well The results showed that both of gratitude and forgiveness make a statistically significant contribution at the level of significance (0.01) in predicting wisdom, as the value of the F calculated equal (101.072), and the value of the determination coefficient (R2) (709), meaning that gratitude and forgiveness explain about (71%) of The performance of the sample on the wisdom variable.
 

Keywords


Abid, M., & Sultan, S. (2015). Dispositional Forgiveness as a Predictor of Psychological Resilience among Women: A Sign of Mental Health. Journal on Educational Psych
Algoe, S. B. (2012). Find, remind, and bind: The functions of gratitude in everyday relationships. Social and Personality Psychology Compass6(6), 455-469.‏
Ardelt, M. (2000). Intellectual versus wisdom-related knowledge: The case for a different kind of learning in the later years of life. Educational Gerontology26(8), 771-789.‏
Ardelt, M. (2003). Empirical assessment of a three-dimensional wisdom scale. Research on aging, 25(3), 275-324.‏
Asadi, S., Amiri, H., Molavi, S., & Noaparast, K. B. (2011). A cross-sectional study of self reported wisdom development: From adolescence through adulthood. Interdisciplinary Journal of Contemporary Research in Business4(2), 482-492.‏
Atarodi Beimorghi, A., Hariri, N., & Babalhavaeji, F. (2017). Effect of wisdom and intellectuality on social health. Journal of Research and Health7(1), 624-636.‏
Baltes, P. B. (2004). Wisdom as orchestration of mind and virtue Max Planck Institute for Human Development. Berlin Book in preparation. Osoitteessa: www. mpib-erlin. mpg. de. Luettu23, 2009.‏
Baltes, P. B., & Smith, J. (2008). The fascination of wisdom: Its nature, ontogeny, and function. Perspectives on psychological science3(1), 56-64.‏
Baltes, P. B., & Staudinger, U. M. (2000). Wisdom: A metaheuristic (pragmatic) to orchestrate mind and virtue toward excellence. American psychologist55(1), 122.‏
Barone, C. E. (2013). Late Life Identity: An Examination of the Relation Between Wisdom and Ethics of Care Enactments in Late Life (Doctoral dissertation, The George Washington University).‏
Belicki, K., DeCourville, N., Michalica, K., Stewart-Atkinson, T., & Williams, C. (2003). What does it mean to forgive. In annual meeting of the Canadian Psychological Association, Hamilton, ON.‏
Berry, J. W., Worthington Jr, E. L., O'Connor, L. E., Parrott III, L., & Wade, N. G. (2005). Forgivingness, vengeful rumination, and affective traits. Journal of personality73(1), 183-226.‏
Bono, G., & McCullough, M. E. (2006). Positive responses to benefit and harm: Bringing forgiveness and gratitude into cognitive psychotherapy. Journal of cognitive psychotherapy20(2), 147-158.‏
Bono, G., McCullough, M. E., & Root, L. M. (2008). Forgiveness, feeling connected to others, and well-being: Two longitudinal studies. Personality and social psychology bulletin34(2), 182-195.‏
Boonyarit, I. (2017). Assessing Forgiveness in Interpersonal Conflict Among Thai Emerging Adults: Development and Psychometric Properties of the Peer Forgiveness Scale (PFS). The Journal of Behavioral Science12(2), 1-18.‏
Boonyarit, I., Chuawanlee, W., Macaskill, A., & Supparerkchaisakul, N. (2013). A psychometric analysis of the workplace forgiveness scale.‏
Brandtjen, A. M. (2014). Attitude of Gratitude: Clinician Views on Fostering Gratitude in One Homecare and Hospice Agency, Master Thesis, University of Catherine.
Brown, R. P. (2004). Vengeance is mine: Narcissism, vengeance, and the tendency to forgive. Journal of research in Personality38(6), 576-584.‏
Brown, S. C. (2004). Where this path may lead: Understanding career decision-making for postcollege life. Journal of College Student Development45(4), 375-390.‏
Brown, S. C., & Greene, J. A. (2006). The wisdom development scale: Translating the conceptual to the concrete. Journal of College Student Development47(1), 1-19.‏
Burnette, J. L., Taylor, K. W., Worthington, E. L., & Forsyth, D. R. (2007). Attachment and trait forgivingness: The mediating role of angry rumination. Personality and Individual Differences42(8), 1585-1596.‏
Chan, D. W. (2013). Subjective well-being of Hong Kong Chinese teachers: The contribution of gratitude, forgiveness, and the orientations to happiness. Teaching and Teacher Education32, 22-30.‏
Chen, L. H., & Kee, Y. H. (2008). Gratitude and adolescent athletes’ well-being. Social Indicators Research89(2), 361-373.‏
Davis, D. E., Worthington Jr, E. L., Hook, J. N., & Hill, P. C. (2013). Research on religion/spirituality and forgiveness: A meta-analytic review. Psychology of Religion and Spirituality5(4), 233- 241.
Dittmann-Kohli, F., & Baltes, P. B. (1990). Toward a neofunctionalist conception of adult intellectual development: Wisdom as a prototypical case of intellectual growth. In Higher stages of human development: Perspectives on adult growth(pp. 54-78). Oxford University Press.‏
Eaton, J., Struthers, C. W., & Santelli, A. G. (2006). Dispositional and state forgiveness: The role of self-esteem, need for structure, and narcissism. Personality and Individual Differences41(2), 371-380.‏
Egan, L. A., & Todorov, N. (2009). Forgiveness as a coping strategy to allow school students to deal with the effects of being bullied: Theoretical and empirical discussion. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology28(2), 198-222.‏
Emmons, R. A. (2008). Thanks! How the New Science of Gratitude Can Make Happier. Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin.‏
Emmons, R. A., & Crumpler, C. A. (2000). Gratitude as a human strength: Appraising the evidence. Journal of social and clinical psychology19(1), 56-69.‏
Emmons, R. A., & Kneezel, T. T. (2005). Giving Thanks: Spiritual and Religious. Journal of psychology and Christianity24(2), 140-148.‏
Emmons, R. A., & McCullough, M. E. (Eds.). (2004). The psychology of gratitude. Oxford University Press.‏
Enright, R. D., & Fitzgibbons, R. P. (2000). Helping clients forgive: An empirical guide for resolving anger and restoring hope. American Psychological Association.‏
Ferrari, M., & Potworowski, G. (Eds.). (2008). Teaching for wisdom: Cross-cultural perspectives on fostering wisdom. Springer Science & Business Media.‏
Ferrari, M., & Weststrate, N. M. (2013). The scientific study of personal wisdom. In The scientific study of personal wisdom (pp. 325-341). Springer, Dordrecht.‏
Fincham, F. D., Beach, S. R., & Davila, J. (2004). Forgiveness and conflict resolution in marriage. Journal of family Psychology18(1), 72.‏
Fredrickson, B. L. (2013). Positive emotions broaden and build. In Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 47, pp. 1-53). Academic Press.‏
Froh, J. J., Yurkewicz, C., & Kashdan, T. B. (2009). Gratitude and subjective well-being in early adolescence: Examining gender differences. Journal of adolescence32(3), 633-650.‏
Gallagher, M. W., & Lopez, S. J. (2019). Positive Psychological Assessment: A Handbook of Models and Measures. APA Books. Available from: American Psychological Association. 750 First Street NE, Washington, DC 20002.‏
Gasper, K., & Bramesfeld, K. D. (2006). Imparting wisdom: Magda Arnold's contribution to research on emotion and motivation. Cognition and Emotion20(7), 1001-1026.‏
Gl ck, J., Bluck, S., Baron, J., & McAdams, D. (2005). The wisdom of experience: Autobiographical narratives across adulthood. International Journal of Behavioral Development29(3), 197-208.‏
Greene, J. A., & Brown, S. C. (2009). The wisdom development scale: Further validity investigations. The International Journal of Aging and Human Development68(4), 289-320.‏
Grossmann, I., & Kross, E. (2014). Exploring Solomon’s paradox: Self-distancing eliminates the self-other asymmetry in wise reasoning about close relationships in younger and older adults. Psychological science25(8), 1571-1580.‏
Hargrave, T. D., & Sells, J. N. (1997). The development of a forgiveness scale. Journal of Marital and Family Therapy23(1), 41-62.‏
Hartman, P. S. (2002). Women developing wisdom: Antecedents and correlates in a longitudinal sample.‏ Ph.D. University of Michigan.
Hasemeyer, M. D. (2013). The relationship between gratitude and psychological, social, and academic functioning in middle adolescence.‏ Gratitude Theses and Dissertation, University of South Florida.
Jennings, P. A., Aldwin, C. M., Levenson, M. R., Spiro III, A., & Mroczek, D. K. (2006). Combat exposure, perceived benefits of military service, and wisdom in later life: Findings from the Normative Aging Study. Research on Aging28(1), 115-134.‏
Jordan, J., & Sternberg, R. J. (2007). Wisdom in organizations: A balance theory analysis. Handbook of organizational and managerial wisdom, 3-19.‏
Karremans, J. C., Van Lange, P. A., Ouwerkerk, J. W., & Kluwer, E. S. (2003). When forgiving enhances psychological well-being: The role of interpersonal commitment. Journal of personality and social psychology84(5), 1011.‏
Kazdin, A. E. (2000). Encyclopedia of psychology (Vol. 8, p. 4128). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.‏
Koutsos, P., Wertheim, E. H., & Kornblum, J. (2008). Paths to interpersonal forgiveness: The roles of personality, disposition to forgive and contextual factors in predicting forgiveness following a specific offence. Personality and Individual Differences44(2), 337-348.‏
Lau, R. W., & Cheng, S. T. (2013). Gratitude orientation reduces death anxiety but not positive and negative affect. OMEGA-Journal of Death and Dying66(1), 79-88.‏
Lawler-Row, K. A., & Piferi, R. L. (2006). The forgiving personality: Describing a life well lived?. Personality and Individual Differences41(6), 1009-1020.‏
Lawler-Row, K. A., & Piferi, R. L. (2006). The forgiving personality: Describing a life well lived?. Personality and Individual Differences41(6), 1009-1020.‏
Le, T. N. (2008). Cultural values, life experiences, and wisdom. The International Journal of Aging and Human Development66(4), 259-281.‏
Lin, C. C. (2014). A higher-order gratitude uniquely predicts subjective well-being: Incremental validity above the personality and a single gratitude. Social Indicators Research119(2), 909-924.‏
Lopez, S. J., Pedrotti, J. T., & Snyder, C. R. (2018). Positive psychology: The scientific and practical explorations of human strengths. Sage Publications.‏
Ma, M., Kibler, J. L., & Sly, K. (2013). Gratitude is associated with greater levels of protective factors and lower levels of risks in African American adolescents. Journal of adolescence36(5), 983-991.‏
Maltby, J., Day, L., & Barber, L. (2005). Forgiveness and happiness. The differing contexts of forgiveness using the distinction between hedonic and eudaimonic happiness. Journal of Happiness Studies6(1), 1-13.‏
Maltby, J., Macaskill, A., & Day, L. (2001). Failure to forgive self and others: A replication and extension of the relationship between forgiveness, personality, social desirability and general health. Personality and Individual Differences30(5), 881-885.‏
McCullough, M. E. (2000). Forgiveness as human strength: Theory, measurement, and links to well-being. Journal of social and clinical psychology19(1), 43-55.‏
McCullough, M. E. (2001). Forgiveness: Who does it and how do they do it?. Current directions in psychological science10(6), 194-197.‏
McCullough, M. E., & Hoyt, W. T. (2002). Transgression-related motivational dispositions: Personality substrates of forgiveness and their links to the Big Five. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin28(11), 1556-1573.‏
McCullough, M. E., Bellah, C. G., Kilpatrick, S. D., & Johnson, J. L. (2001). Vengefulness: Relationships with forgiveness, rumination, well-being, and the Big Five. Personality and social psychology bulletin27(5), 601-610.‏
McCullough, M. E., Emmons, R. A., & Tsang, J. A. (2002). The grateful disposition: A conceptual and empirical topography. Journal of personality and social psychology82(1), 112.‏
McKenzie, J. S. (1997). An exploration of the relationship between forgiveness, anger, and depression with prisoners in a drug abuse treatment program (Doctoral dissertation, University of Northern Colorado).‏
Nelson, M. K. (1992). A new theory of forgiveness.‏ PhD, Dissertation, Purdue University.
Neto, F., & Mullet, E. (2004). Personality, self‐esteem, and self‐construal as correlates of forgivingness. European Journal of Personality18(1), 15-30.‏
Neto, F., Pinto, C., & Mullet, E. (2007). Seeking forgiveness in an intergroup context: Angolan, Guinean, Mozambican, and East Timorese perspectives. Regulation & governance1(4), 329-346.‏
Neufeldt, V. (2002). Webster's new world dictionary. Simon and Schuster.‏
Nielsen, S. T. P. (1992). Life events as determinants of wisdom in older adults.‏ Dissertation Abstracts International- A 53/07, P. 2252.
O'Connell, B. H., O'Shea, D., & Gallagher, S. (2016). Mediating effects of loneliness on the gratitude-health link. Personality and Individual Differences98, 179-183.‏
Pelayo, S. L. (2002). Forgiveness: Theory, Research, and Clinical Implications for Adolescent Offenders, Unpublished Biolo University.
Prewitt, V. R. (2003). The Constructs of Wisdom in Human Development and Consciousness. Department of Education, Office Of Educational Research.
Rijavec, M., Jurčec, L., & Mijočević, I. (2010). Gender Differences in the Relationship between Forgiveness and Depression/Happiness. Psihologijske teme/Psychological Topics19(1), 189- 202.
 
 
Roháriková, V., Špajdel, M., Cviková, V., & Jagla, F. (2013). Tracing the relationship between wisdom and health. Activitas Nervosa Superior Rediviva55(3), 95-102.‏
Ross, S. R., Kendall, A. C., Matters, K. G., Mark S. Rye, M. S. R., & Wrobel, T. A. (2004). A personological examination of self-and other-forgiveness in the five factor model. Journal of Personality Assessment82(2), 207-214.‏
Rye, M. S., Loiacono, D. M., Folck, C. D., Olszewski, B. T., Heim, T. A., & Madia, B. P. (2001). Evaluation of the psychometric properties of two forgiveness scales. Current psychology20(3), 260-277.‏
Sastre, M. T. M., Vinsonneau, G., Neto, F., Girard, M., & Mullet, E. (2003). Forgivingness and satisfaction with life. Journal of Happiness Studies4(3), 323-335.‏
Scull, N. C. (2015). Forgiveness, revenge, and adherence to Islam as moderators for psychological wellbeing and depression among survivors of the 1990 Iraqi invasion of Kuwait.‏
Seligman, M. E. (2004). Authentic happiness: Using the new positive psychology to realize your potential for lasting fulfillment. Simon and Schuster.‏
Seligman, M. E. (2004). Authentic happiness: Using the new positive psychology to realize your potential for lasting fulfillment. Simon and Schuster.‏
Singh, K., & Jha, S. D. (2008). Positive and negative affect, and grit as predictors of happiness and life satisfaction. Journal of the Indian Academy of Applied Psychology34(2), 40-45.‏
Stange, A., & Kunzmann, U. (2008). Fostering wisdom: A psychological perspective. In Teaching for wisdom (pp. 23-36). Springer, Dordrecht.‏
Sternberg, R. J. (2003). WICS as a model of giftedness. High ability studies14(2), 109-137.‏
Sternberg, R. J. (2003). Wisdom, intelligence, and creativity synthesized. Cambridge University Press.‏
Sternberg, R. J. (2004). What is wisdom and how can we develop it?. The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 591(1), 164-174.‏
Sternberg, R., & Jordan, J. (Eds.). (2005). A handbook of wisdom: Psychological perspectives. Cambridge University Press.‏
Subkoviak, M. J., Enright, R. D., Wu, C. R., Gassin, E. A., Freedman, S., Olson, L. M., & Sarinopoulos, I. (1995). Measuring interpersonal forgiveness in late adolescence and middle adulthood. Journal of adolescence18(6), 641-655.‏
Sun, P., & Kong, F. (2013). Affective mediators of the influence of gratitude on life satisfaction in late adolescence. Social indicators research114(3), 1361-1369.‏
Sun, P., Jiang, H., Chu, M., & Qian, F. (2014). Gratitude and school well-being among Chinese university students: Interpersonal relationships and social support as mediators. Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal42(10), 1689-1698.‏
Szcześniak, M., & Soares, E. (2011). Are proneness to forgive, optimism and gratitude associated with life satisfaction?. Polish Psychological Bulletin.‏
Taylor, M., Bates, G., & Webster, J. D. (2011). Comparing the psychometric properties of two measures of wisdom: Predicting forgiveness and psychological well-being with the Self-Assessed Wisdom Scale (SAWS) and the Three-Dimensional Wisdom Scale (3D-WS). Experimental Aging Research37(2), 129-141.‏
Thompson, L. Y., Snyder, C. R., Hoffman, L., Michael, S. T., Rasmussen, H. N., Billings, L. S., ... & Roberts, D. E. (2005). Dispositional forgiveness of self, others, and situations. Journal of personality73(2), 313-360.‏
Toussaint, L., & Friedman, P. (2009). Forgiveness, gratitude, and well-being: The mediating role of affect and beliefs. Journal of Happiness Studies10(6), 635.‏
Tsang, J. A. (2006). BRIEF REPORT Gratitude and prosocial behaviour: An experimental test of gratitude. Cognition & Emotion20(1), 138-148.‏
Tsang, J. A., Carpenter, T. P., Roberts, J. A., Frisch, M. B., & Carlisle, R. D. (2014). Why are materialists less happy? The role of gratitude and need satisfaction in the relationship between materialism and life satisfaction. Personality and Individual Differences64, 62-66.‏
Watkins, P. C., Woodward, K., Stone, T., & Kolts, R. L. (2003). Gratitude and happiness: Development of a measure of gratitude, and relationships with subjective well-being. Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal31(5), 431-451.‏
Webster, J. D. (2003). An exploratory analysis of a self-assessed wisdom scale. Journal of Adult Development10(1), 13-22.‏
Wernli, M. A. (2006). Interpersonal forgiveness in close peer relationships during adolescence: An examination of the role of relational self-worth and transgression history. The University of Nebraska-Lincoln.‏
William, J., & Paul, A. (2009). Adult development & aging.‏ (6TH.ED). MC Graw Hill.
Wood, A. M., Froh, J. J., & Geraghty, A. W. (2010). Gratitude and well-being: A review and theoretical integration. Clinical psychology review30(7), 890-905.‏
Wood, A. M., Joseph, S., & Maltby, J. (2009). Gratitude predicts psychological well-being above the Big Five facets. Personality and Individual differences46(4), 443-447.‏
Worthington Jr, E. L. (Ed.). (2007). Handbook of forgiveness. Routledge.‏
Worthington Jr, E. L., Hook, J. N., Utsey, S. O., Williams, J. K.,& Neil, R. L. (2007). Decisional and emotional forgiveness. International Positive Psychology Summit, Washington, DC.‏
Worthington, E. L. (2001). Five steps to forgiveness: The art and science of forgiving. Crown.‏